Russia is one of the world leaders in the production and export of grain. Wheat occupies the largest share among grain crops in Russia. Over the past twenty years, in Russia has been a steady increase in grain production, while reducing its dependence on natural and climatic conditions.The article provides an overview of the grain market in Russia, using data from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat).The dynamics of changes in sown areas and gross harvest of both grain and leguminous crops in general and wheat in particular are analyzed. The structure of the gross grain harvest in the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation is given. The rating of Russian regions in terms of gross wheat harvest is presented. The Russian export of grain is characterized. The classification of grain as a strategic export product of Russia is justified.The structure of the export of grain crops of the Russian Federation is presented. The dynamics of changes in the volume of imports of grain and leguminous crops in value terms, as well as the issue of tariff regulation of grain exports in Russia are considered.
Billions of tons of agricultural waste are generated worldwide every year. In Russia the total amount of agricultural waste reaches 630-650 million tons annually. The situation with agricultural waste will only get worse, because on the one hand, this waste is a valuable raw material that can be used in agriculture (more than half of that is manure), and on the other hand, for the same reason, this waste creates great environmental and sanitary problems. The most promising way to solve the problem is to use manure for the production of organic fertilizers, which can be used in organic farming. The organic market is one of the most dynamically developing in the world, which is estimated at 198.1 billion US dollars in 2020, is projected to reach 495.9 billion US dollars by 2027. The solution of the problem of agricultural waste must be complex and includes legislative, economic and technological components. The article describes the need to support cooperation between producers of organic fertilizers, organic products and sellers of organic products. Variants of modification of the existing equipment for manure processing in order to obtain biologically active organic fertilizers are proposed.
Grain production determines the stable functioning of the food market and the economic security of Russia. The authors present an assessment of the results of the analysis of the cultivation and sale of grain crops in the Russian Federation, show the dynamics of the Russian grain market and determine the prospects for its development in comparison with world grain producers. A decrease in the dependence of this market on the negative impact of external factors was revealed. It is noted that the domestic demand for grain crops tends to decrease, while the export remains at a high level. In this regard, the role of grain as a strategic export commodity for the Russian Federation is increasing, which has a significant impact on the economy as a whole and the budget of the Russian Federation in particular. At the same time, the Government of the Russian Federation uses various mechanisms for regulating prices for grain crops, such as curbing grain exports with tariff quotas. The article also presents data on the volume of world grain production over the past ten years, analyzes the structure of production by types of grain crops. Based on the given forecasts of the FAO and the International Grain Council (IGC) regarding the production and consumption of cereals in the world in the next two years, the authors assume an increase in the export potential of Russia, primarily wheat. The study used general logical methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction.
Обосновывается постановка новой научной и производственной задачи трансформации содержащих органическое вещество свалок в управляемые аэробные биоректоры с целью: (а) устранения в теле свалки анаэробного гниения, порождающего зловонные запахи, пожароопасный свалочный газ и другие вредные последствия анаэробных условий и (б) создание контролируемых аэробных условий для ускоренной экологически безопасной трансформации органического вещества в неопасное состояние для последующей возможности утилизации всего материала свалки с ее ликвидацией или использования ставшей не опасной свалки в качестве элемента рельефа. Формулируется междисциплинарный подход к обоснованию режимов и параметров свалки-биореактора на основе сочетания методов моделирования тепломассопереноса в теле свалки со сложной морфологией, неоднородной проницаемостью на протяжении всего ее жизненного цикла и методов сопряженных микробиологических исследований оптимального состава целевого сообщества популяций микроорганизмов и требований к условиям для их жизнедеятельности в теле свалки (влажность, температура, концентрация кислорода). Учтен опыт США по созданию и эксплуатации свалок-биоректоров. Приводится план действий по реализации пилотного проекта, который может стать прототипом для утилизации свалок методом аэробного биореактора, и на этой основе решение в короткие сроки и с низкими затратами острых экологической и земельной проблем, вызванных созданными ранее и вновь создаваемыми свалками в различных регионах страны.
The subject of the study is the influence of nutrients on the formation of immunity. WHO classifies malnutrition as one of the ten most important risk factors for food security, leads to a decrease in the body's ability to form protective mechanisms of resistance to negative biotic and abiotic factors and contributes to the active spread of alimentary food and viral diseases. Over the past 15 years, the incidence of students has increased by more than 40%. Providing the body with the necessary physiologically active nutrients is of great importance in the formation of psychological resistance to stress. The paper uses the method of questioning students to find out the level of satisfaction of the body with immunomodulating food ingredients. Methods of classification, grouping, generalization and analysis, statistical processing of the results of the answers to the questions posed in relation to eating behavior. In this paper, for the first time, an assessment of the quality and safety of the students' diet was carried out to assess the potential immune status and resistance to coronavirus infection and nutritional diseases. It is confirmed that the students' eating behavior requires significant adjustments. More than 50% of students change their eating behavior while studying at the university. The diet and the recommended frequency of meals are violated. There is a shortage of meat products, fish and dairy products. The excess in the daily diet of flour and confectionery products, fast food was revealed. More than 35-40% have a deficiency of high-grade protein, ω-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, zinc, selenium. Proposals have been developed to reduce the deficiency of immunomodulating nutrients, the necessity of introducing biologically active additives and vitamin and mineral complexes into the diet during the exacerbation of the epidemic of viral diseases to increase adaptive potential has been shown. It is proposed to introduce the assessment of the nutritional status of students as a criterion of the potential adaptive potential of students to increase resistance to alimentary and viral diseases
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