The purpose of the research is to work out from an economic point of view the experience of European countries with developed pig farming in relation to the modernization of pig farms and to evaluate the prospects for the development of a small farm of L. Pogorilуу UkrNDIPVT in this direction.
The purpose of the research is to assess the relevance of modernization of small pig farms with a closed production cycle. Research methods. Analytical research on the relevance of modernization of small pig farms with a closed production cycle was carried out by the method of processing existing scientific and informational reports. Research results. When organizing pork production at the farm level, the most important measures should be on the production flow, formation of homogeneous technological groups of pigs, herd reproduction, sow keeping, quality of feed rations, creating a proper microclimate, compliance with production technology. One of the main factors holding back the growth of pork production is the lack of feed, their low quality and the constant shortage of digestible protein in feed rations for pigs. The existing premises of small pig farms do not fully meet modern requirements for the maintenance of various technological groups of pigs. The further development of pig farming requires important issues related to sanitary protection zones, animal welfare and environmental protection. It is important to ensure biosafety in pig farming and to implement appropriate veterinary practices and standards. In most pork farms, the genetic potential of domestic pig breeds is now used for reproductive qualities by only 45-50 %, and for fattening by 20-25 %. In the system of qualitative improvement of the breeding stock of farms, the disadvantage is the unsystematic use of reared young pigs, 70% of the products are sold to meat processing plants. When modernizing small pig farms with a full cycle of pork production, among other things, it is necessary to take into account the size and resource characteristics of basic farms to achieve high efficiency of production. Conclusions. According to the results of analytical studies, for the first time the urgency of modernization of small pig farms with a closed production cycle was assessed. The constant shortage of digestible protein in feed rations for pigs is holding back the increase in pork production. Premises of small pig farms do not meet modern requirements for keeping different sex and age groups of pigs. In general, biosecurity and the implementation of good veterinary practices and standards are important in pig farming. There is a low level of realization of the genetic potential of domestic breeds of pigs. The disadvantage should be considered the unsystematic use of raised young. During the modernization of small pig farms, it is necessary to take into account the resource characteristics of farms to achieve high efficiency of pork production. Key words: production, small pig farms, modernization, modern requirements, pig breeding, pork.
The purpose of the research is to evaluate the relevance of using miscanthus energy culture as biomass for burning in solid fuel boilers. Research methods. Analytical studies on the relevance of the use of energy culture of miscanthus as biomass for burning in solid fuel boilers were carried out by processing the available scientific and informational reports. Research results. For the production of biomass, special energy crops are used, which are characterized by rapid growth of technological mass - willow, poplar, sycamore, or certain varieties of herbaceous plants (miscanthus, millet, sorghum, etc.). Energy crops are plants that are specially grown for use directly as fuel or for biofuel production. After a single planting, the crop (miscanthus) can be harvested annually for 15 years or more with an average yield of 10 t/ha. Miscanthus has a well-developed root system (2,5 m deep), is characterized by rapid growth and resistance to low temperatures. Technological options for biomass combustion are divided into three main types: combustion in a layer, dust combustion, combustion in a pseudo-liquefied state, as well as a combined type - combined combustion of biomass with other fuels. Miscanthus is characterized by a fairly high level of energy production, and actually 143-560 GJ/ha, energy yield is 360 GJ/ha/year. Increasing the use of perennial energy crops such as miscanthus helps reduce fossil fuel consumption. In addition to high yields, drought resistance, maintaining soil structure, reducing the risk of soil erosion, improving soil organic matter and other important agronomic indicators, miscanthus has a high resource energy efficiency, which can be 90 %, a high level of conversion. With a yield of 8-17 t/ha/year, the selling price of miscanthus during its processing into thermal energy and biological oil of rapid pyrolysis was received at almost the same level - 100 €/t. The calorific value of energy culture is 17,7 MJ/kg, according to other scientific data is in the range of 16,0-17,2 MJ/kg, according to regulatory requirements CEN / TC 14961: 2005 – 18,4 MJ/kg, despite some deviations from the standards, miscanthus can be described as a valuable energy raw material suitable for combustion in boilers. Conclusions. According to the results of analytical studies, the relevance of using miscanthus energy culture as biomass for combustion in solid fuel boilers was assessed for the first time. Energy crops (miscanthus) after a single planting can be harvested annually for 15 years or more. Miscanthus is characterized by a high level of energy production, namely 143-560 GJ/ha, energy yield is 360 GJ/ha/year. Increasing the use of perennial energy crops such as miscanthus helps reduce fossil fuel consumption. Miscanthus has a high resource energy efficiency, which can be 75-90 %, a high level of conversion. According to scientific reports, the calorific value of energy crop (miscanthus) is 17,7 MJ/kg, according to regulatory requirements CEN / TC 14961: 2005 – 18,4 MJ/kg, despite some deviations from the standards, miscanthus is characterized as a valuable energy raw materials effective during combustion in solid fuel boilers. Key words: biomass, renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, energy crops, miscanthus, solid fuel boilers.
The purpose of the research is – assess the condition and systematize the factors that affect the quality of pig products. Research methods. Systematization of factors influencing the quality of pig products is carried out by summarizing many years of research in the field on topical issues - the quality and technological properties of pig products, including taking into account modern requirements. Research results. When keeping pigs, it is necessary to create favorable conditions close to natural for the protection and preservation of animals. In the process of production of quality pig products, the leading role belongs to zoohygiene, which combines the following components: pig health, conditions of keeping and care of pigs, sanitary condition in the pigsty. During the production of products on pig farms, every effort should be made to maintain the proper health of pigs, which is identified by the physiological state of the animals. The physiological state of animals is influenced by a number of factors: pathogens of infectious diseases, genetic factors, the environment. The quality of pig production also depends on the conditions of keeping and care of pigs for such factors as technological areas, manure, litter, playgrounds, environment. It is necessary to adhere to the normative technological areas when keeping pigs. The level of protein in animal feed is important for improving the quality of pork. All animals in the technology group must have access to feed at the same time. Water quality has a significant impact on the technological properties of pig products. Modern requirements for microclimate indicators in piggeries are as follows: air temperature 15-20 °C, for newborn piglets - up to 30 °C, relative humidity 50-80 %, air velocity 0,15-0,5 m/s, maximum level harmful gases in the air: NH 320 ppm; CO - 1500-3000 ppm; H S - 5 ppm, pollination level 10 mg/m3. It is necessary to reduce to a 2 2minimum the amount of used medical, preventive and sanitary means, their excessive use on farms can lead to a significant deterioration in the quality of pig products. Conclusions. During the research we for the first time systematized the factors that affect the quality of pig products, including taking into account modern requirements. During the systematization of factors characterized by direct impact on the quality of pig products, the main elements of the developed system were identified, namely: zoohygiene, feed, water, air, zooveterinary measures, the combination of which gives the system special properties. In general, the developed system consists of 36 factors that affect the quality of pig products. Key words: water, environment, veterinary measures, zoohygiene, feed, air, pig breeding, pork, pig farm.
The purpose of the research is – to summarize measures on biological protection of pigs, safety of pig farms and environmental protection, taking into account EU standards for obtaining quality pig products. Research methods. Analytical research on the generalization of measures for biological protection of pigs, safety of pig farms and environmental protection was carried out by processing existing scientific reports, including EU regulatory requirements aimed at obtaining quality pig products. Research results. The procedure of biological protection of pigs is aimed at improving the physiological condition of animals and livestock productivity. During pork production, it is important to ensure the biological protection of animals to reduce the risk of spreading disease on pig farms. It is advisable to arrange a canopy on the playgrounds to protect pigs in bad weather and from the sun. With the intensification of pig farming, industrial practice shows an increase in the level of diseases of pigs associated with metabolic disorders in animals, the action of stressors, non-compliance with the parameters of the microclimate and feeding rules. In such conditions, preventive measures are especially important in the system of control of infectious and non-communicable diseases of pigs. Premises of pig farms after the completion of the technological cycle are subject to cleaning, keeping on sanitary rupture, ie the veterinary principle "everything is busy - everything is empty" must be observed. The safety of pig farms is a set of practical measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection to the farm and controlling the spread of infection within the farm. Biological safety of pig farms includes the following areas: biological isolation, biological regulation, biological protection. To protect the environment from pollution by pig farm waste, it is advisable to take the following measures. During the construction of pig farms it is necessary to observe sanitary gaps: to settlements not less than 1500 m, to other livestock facilities - 1000-1500 m. It is important to form a green belt, a strip of trees and shrubs around the pig farm - this is the most natural of all protective measures based on the fundamental principles of organic production. Conclusions. According to the results of analytical research, for the first time the measures on biological protection of pigs, safety of pig farms and environmental protection are summarized, taking into account EU standards for obtaining quality pig products. The procedure of biological protection of pigs is aimed at improving the physiological condition of animals and livestock productivity. The safety of pig farms is a set of practical measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection to the farm and controlling the spread of infection within the farm. Agricultural enterprises that have a significant impact on the environment are responsible for preventing and reducing the negative impact of their activities on the environment. The direction of livestock development, including pig breeding, namely the introduction of environmental requirements at different stages of implementation of modern technologies, the creation of farms adapted to EU regulations - this will ensure not only economic viability but also environmental and social responsibility of agribusiness in Ukraine. Key words: biological protection of pigs, EU regulatory requirements, environmental protection, resistance, pig breeding, pork, pig farm, technical means, technological measures.
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