Introduction: Ocular trauma is an important cause of unilateral blindness.

Pterygiumisa significant public health problem in the high altitude communities of Nepal. It is more prevalent amongst the farmers than in the other professionals.

Introduction: Bacteremia and septicemia is life threatening condition resulting in major cause of mortality and morbidity.The aim of study was to determine the etiology of bacteremia and septicemia with antibiotic sensitivity pro•le of those organisms.

This is a rare case of HZO associated with retrobulbar neuritis. Prompt treatment with systemic antiviral and steroid improve the visual outcome.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome of variable, but profoundly disruptive psychopathology. Though it is one of the top ten illness contributing to global burden of disease, relapse rate in schizophrenia is high. Globally relapse rate varies from 50% to 92% and are similar in developed and developing countries. There are various factors associated with relapse, common being poor adherence to treatment. The estimated rate of non-adherence in schizophrenia are 50% widely ranging from 4% to 72%. This study was aimed to find the socio-demographic status of non-adherent group, contributing factors and their severity. Material and Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study among 95 schizophrenia relapsed patients seeking psychiatric inpatient services at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Attarkhel, Nepal from the period of Baisakh 3rd 2074 to Baisakh 4th 2075. The socio-demographic variables and clinical data of patients were recorded on proforma developed by department of Psychiatry. The severity of illness was assessed by using The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Also, medication adherence was assessed using Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). Results: Out of 95 relapsed patients, greater number (62.1%) were non-adherent to medication and (37.9%) were adherent to medication. Also, the symptom severity assessment showed significantly severe relapse in non-adherent patient group (43.1%) than adherent patient group (3.1%). Conclusion: Non-adherent to medication is associated with significantly severe relapse in patients of Schizophrenia. Therefore, improving adherence to medication can be achieved by focusing on the identified multitude of factors driving non-adherence.

Introduction: Bacteremia and septicemia is life threatening condition resulting in major cause of mortality and morbidity.The aim of study was to determine the etiology of bacteremia and septicemia with antibiotic sensitivity profile of those organisms. Methods: A prospective study was carried out among the suspected cases from both inpatient and outpatient of TUTH from October 2009 .March 2010. Blood samples were collected and processed according to standard methodology. Results: Out of 2259 samples only 237 (10.49 %) showed bacterial growth. The most common isolates among Salmonella group was Salmonella enterica serotype typhi 71(29.95%) followed by Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A 45(18.98%). Among non Salmonella group Pseudomonas aeruginosa 34(14.34%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 22(9.28%), Acinetobacter spp 15 (6.32%), Citrobacter spp 5(2.10%), Escherichia coli 3(1.26%) while Staphylococcus aureus 34 (14.3%) was most common followed by Enterococcus spp 3(1.26%), Streptococcus spp 2(0.84%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus 2(0.84%) and Listeria spp 1(0.42%) among Gram Positive organisms. Antibiogram revealed Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Azithromycin and Chloramphenicol for Salmonella group while for non Salmonella Imipenem, Meropenem and Amikacin as most effective antibiotics while Clindamycin, Cipro!oxacin and O!oxacin for gram positive. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria was the predominant organism causing bacteremia and septicemia. Among them salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi were the leading aetiology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v34i3.8915   Journal of Institute of Medicine, December, 2012; 34:32-38

During Covid-19 Pandemic, there was declaration of lockdown which led to increased usage of digital devices due to starting of online classes. Increased duration of digital device usage predisposed students to Digital eye strain (DES). This study aimed at estimation of the prevalence of DES among medical students of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital during Covid pandemic. It also analyzed the pattern of digital device usage, risk factors for DES, awareness and practice of preventive measures taken by students during online classes. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey which included one hundred and sixteen undergraduate medical students. The mean age of the students was 22±1.30 years. Sixty-two students (53.4%) were male and fifty-four (46.6%) were female. There was a significant increase in the duration of digital device usage during Covid -period as compared to pre-Covid period (P=<0.001). The prevalence of the DES was 68.1% of which 60.34% had mild DES and 7.76% had moderate DES. The most common ocular symptoms were burning sensation (69.8%) followed by eyesight worsening (60.3%) and eyepain (56%). This study didn’t find significant association between DES and its risk factors like duration of digital device usage, distance from screen, posture, frequency of break and level of screen during online classes. Preventive measures like uses of lubricating eyedrop and use of anti-reflective coated glasses/ blue ray cut glasses were significantly associated with less frequency of DES (P=0.03,0.01 respectively). DES is an emerging eye health problem due to increase screentime exposure, so limitation of screentime and practice of 20-20-20 rule is recommended to reduce DES related symptoms.

Introduction: Alcohol is a potent drug that can produce serious psychiatric symptoms including psychosis. It is believed that approximately 3% of alcoholic persons experience auditory hallucinations or paranoid delusions in the context of heavy drinking or withdrawal. Across Nepal, alcohol use varies widely and alcohol dependence is an increasing problem. So this study aims to provide information regarding prevalence and risk factors of Alcohol Induced Psychotic Disorder in context of Nepal. Material And Method: A hosiptal-based cross- sectional study was carried out among 37 patients admitted in psychiatric inpatient ward at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu with the diagnosis of AIPD from the period of Magh 2075 to Poush 2076. Semi-structured proforma developed by department of Psychiatry was used to collect socio- demographic data. The consent was taken from the patients and caregivers and strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Diagnosis was based on ICD-10 DCR criteria and the collected data was analyzed with SPSS. Results: There were total 37 patients (29 males and 8 females) admitted with the diagnosis of AIPD and the prevalence of AIPD in our study was 6.19%. Among them majority of the patients (35.1%) were of age group (41-50) years and more than half were from rural areas (64.9%). Nearly half of the patients were educated upto primary level (45.9%) and (35.1%) were farmer by occupation. Also Hindus (56.8%) were found to be more associated with AIPD than Buddhist or Christian. Conclusion: The findings of this study concluded that alcohol is a substantial problem in Nepal. The efforts should be used to increase public awareness about the problems associated with alcohol.