(QGRPHWULRVLV LV GH¿QHG DV SUHVHQFH RI IXQFWLRQLQJ HQGRPHWULDO WLVVXH RXWVLGH WKH XWHULQH FDYLW\ (QGRPHWULRVLV FDQ VRPHWLPHV RFFXU LQ D SUHYLRXV VXUJLFDO VFDU 6FDU HQGRPHWULRVLV LV UDUH DQG GLI¿FXOW WR GLDJQRVH ,W PRVWO\ IROORZV REVWHWULFDO and gynecological surgeries. This condition is often confused with other surgical conditions. We are reporting one case of scar endometriosis involving rectus sheath following cesarean section. The patient required wide surgical excision of the lesion. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition are being discussed..H\ZRUGV abdominal wall; endometrioma; endometriosis; scar endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE:The objective was to evaluate the effect of endometrial biopsy (EB) on intrauterine insemination (IUI) outcome in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cycle.DESIGN:Prospective randomized control study.SETTING:Tertiary care center.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 251 subjects were enrolled in the study. Subjects undergoing COS with IUI were randomly allocated into three groups. Group A: EB was taken between D19 and 24 of the spontaneous menstrual cycles that precedes the fertility treatment and IUI, which was done in next cycle (n = 86). Group B: EB was taken before D6 of the menstrual cycle, and fertility treatment and IUI was done in the same cycle (n = 90). Group C: (control group) no EB in previous 3 cycle (n = 75).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Clinical pregnancy rate (CPR).RESULTS:Clinical pregnancy rate was 19.77%, 31.11%, and 9.3% for Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively. The results show a highly significant value for the paired t-test of intervention Group B and control Group C of the cases (P = 0.000957). CPR was maximum after first cycle of ovulation induction and IUI following EB scratch in both Groups A and in Group B (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS:Endometrial biopsy done in early follicular phase in the same cycle of stimulation with IUI gives better CPR as compared with EB done in the luteal phase of the previous cycle.

<p>Cutaneous manifestation of in COVID-19 patients are varied and needs proper categorization and classification. Various morphological manifestation on skin are seen. The pathophysiology of this virus is not well understood because of it being a novel virus. This disease involves all organs of the body, primarily the respiratory system, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and the skin as well. In addition to pneumonia which is a hall mark feature of this virus, multiorgan failure occurs as a result of its cascading pathological pathways. Another fatal feature of this virus is hyperimmune response (because of IL-6), known as, ‘cytokine storm’. The pathophysiological changes in skin leading to different kinds of rashes range from vasculitis changes to formation of microthrombi obliterating the dermal vessels. After reviewing current literature, we have proposed a simplified classification of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 is proposed based on morphological features, relation with severity of disease and histopathological changes. Pathophysiology of cutaneous changes is also being described.</p>

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Objective To evaluate maternal vitamin D levels in term normotensive and preeclamptic patients in labor and to assess additional factors such as maternal and cord blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathormone, and alkaline phosphatase and associated factors such as BMI, birth weight, and mode of delivery. Method This was a case control study carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ESIC-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India from August 2012-April 2014.A total of 100 patients were divided into two equal groups (control and study groups of 50 each). Control group had women with singleton uncomplicated, term normotensive pregnant women in labor while the study group composed of term preeclamptic women in labor. Blood samples were drawn for vitamin D, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum parathormone levels during first stage of labor, and subsequently, their levels were evaluated in cord blood also. 123Results All the enrolled patients had vitamin D deficiency pointing toward a universal prevalence of this micronutrient deficiency in antenatal patients. We found more incidence of severe vitamin D deficiency (90 %) in preeclamptic patients as compared to normotensive patients (62 %). Also preeclamptic group had lower median vitamin D levels (3.9 ng/ml) when compared to normotensive group (9 ng/ml). Similarly, all the neonates were found to be vitamin D deficient as assessed by their cord blood levels. Neonates born to preeclamptic mothers had lower median cord blood vitamin D levels (4.4 ng/ml) when compared to those born to normotensive mothers (7.25 ng/ml). The mean maternal calcium levels followed trends observed in vitamin D levels with preeclamptic patients having consistently lower calcium levels (mean value of 8.50 ± 0.80 mg/dl) when compared to normotensive patients (mean value of 8.89 ± 0.56 mg/dl). Preeclamptic group was found to have more number of patients (58 %) with higher BMI when compared to normotensive group (32 % of patients). A slightly more incidence (36 %) of low birth weight babies is being born to preeclamptic mothers as compared to normotensive mothers (34 %). Significantly a more number of patients (36 %) with vitamin D levels below 15 ng/ml underwent cesarean section when compared to only 9 % of patients having vitamin D level above this level. Conclusion Preeclampsia is indeed associated with lower vitamin D levels, and its pathophysiology involves vitamin D and calcium metabolism.