Power generation capacity of Bangladesh needs to be enhanced to support the rising electricity demand. Bangladesh has predominantly used fossil fuel generators for the past decades. Saint Martin's Island and Kuakata are two significant areas that lie at or near the coast of Bangladesh with an average annual solar radiation of 4.81 and 4.65 kWh m−2 day−1, respectively. The monthly average wind speeds at a height of 25 meters are 4.79 and 4.54 m s−1, respectively. Considering this data and the benefits of the optimized hybrid systems, HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) is used to optimize a system for each of these areas. The costs of energy found from the proposed optimized PV‐wind‐diesel hybrid Energy system for Saint Martin's island and Kuakata are 0.393 and 0.392 USD kW−1 h−1, respectively, the net present cost (NPC) also has been evaluated as 168767.831 USD which are quite reasonable with respect to the present situation in Bangladesh. The major objective of this proposed optimized design is to supply the maximum load demand using renewable sources with the minimum cost of energy (COE) and reduce the burning of fuel and also reduce the emission of CO2. The proposed energy system is able to meet 67.3 and 62.3% load demand using renewable sources, which helps to reduce the GHG (Green Houses Gas) emission by 67 and 64% for Saint Martin's island and Kuakata, respectively when compared to a diesel system. Total load served throughout the year is 33,611 kWh, which is 16% higher than the previously designed system with approximately equivalent COE. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 297–304, 2017

The vast percentage of people of the world; particularly in the developing countries; are living mostly in the decentralized, rural and remote areas those are geographically secluded from the grid connection. Power distribution and continuous fuel transportation to produce the electrical energy for these areas pretenses a great challenge. Using renewable energy resources in off grid hybrid energy system might be a solution of this problem. Moreover, high cost of renewable energy systems has led to its slow adoption in many countries. Hence, it is vital to select an appropriate size of the system in order to reduce the cost and excess energy produced as well as to maximize the available resources. A hybrid energy system has been designed as well as simulated to support a small community considering an average load demand of 80 kWh/d with a peak load of 8.1 kW. The simulation and optimization of operations of the system have been done by HOMER software using the real time field data of solar radiation and average wind speed data of that area. The simulation ensures that the system is suitably feasible with respect to net present cost and CO2 emission reduction purpose. The result shows that NPC and CO2 emission can be reduced about 29.65% and 16 tons per year respectively compared with the conventional power plants. The NPC of the optimized system has been found about USD 160,626.00 having the per unit Cost of Energy about USD 0.431/kWh. The analyzed hybrid energy system might be applicable for other region of the world where the climate conditions are similar. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1424–1432, 2018

The electrification process of the remote areas and decentralized areas is being a vital fact for the improvement of its eco-tourism issues such as the Cameron Highland of Malaysia. Renewable energy (RE) resources can be used extensively to support and fulfill the demand of the expected loads of these areas. This article presents an analysis of a complete off-grid wind-diesel-battery hybrid RE model. The main objective of the present analysis is to visualize the optimum volume of systems capable of fulfilling the requirements of 85 kWh/day primary load in coupled with 8.7 kW peak for 2 residential hotels of Cameron Highlands. The hybrid power system can be effective for the tourists of that area as it is a decentralized region of Malaysia. The main motto of this analysis is to minimize the electricity unit cost and ensure the most reliable and feasible system to fulfill the requirements of the desired or expected energy system using HOMER software. From the simulation result, it can be seen that 15 wind turbines (10 kW), 1 diesel generator (4 kW), and 2 battery (Hoppecke 4 OPzS) hybrid RE system is the most economically feasible and lowest cost of energy is nearing USD 0.199/kWh and net present cost is USD 77, 019. The decrement of the CO 2 emissions also can be identified from the simulation results using that most feasible RE system including the renewable fraction value which is about 0.0914, 0.3 % capacity shortage and 20.3 % electricity as storage as compared to the other energy system. List of symbolsE Electrical energy (kWh) H Yearly standard global solar radiation v Wind speed (m/s) P/A Wind power density E/A Wind energy density V mp Most probable wind speed V max,E Maximum energy carrying by the wind speed Subscripts DG Diesel generator COE

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