a b s t r a c tTwelve species of common marine fish consumed by Malaysians were collected from local wholesale market in Malaysia; the mercury concentrations in muscle and liver samples were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mercury concentration in the samples, expressed in lg g À1 dry weight. It was 0.45 for short-bodied mackerel, 0.04 for scad, 0.04 for narrow-bodied Spanish mackerel, 0.13 for black pomfret, 0.50 for long tail tuna, 0.03 for greasy grouper, 0.09 for chacunda gizzard shad, 0.06 for yellow-banded scad, 0.05 for eastern little tuna, 0.09 for delagoa treadfish bream, 0.10 for giant perch and 0.00 for sardine's muscle tissue. Among the fishes analyzed, long tail tuna had the highest level followed by short-bodied mackerel. Significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of mercury were found in liver tissues. Total mercury concentration in liver tissues were as follow; 0.03 for short-bodied mackerel, 0.02 for scad, 0.05 for narrow-bodied Spanish mackerel, 0.10 for black pomfret, 0.49 for long tail tuna, 0.03 for greasy grouper, 0.03 for chacunda gizzard shad, 0.04 for yellow-banded scad, 0.02 for eastern little tuna, 0.09 for delagoa treadfish bream, 0.01 for giant perch and 0.01 for sardine. This study indicates that commonly consumed fish from Malaysia have concentrations of mercury below the permissible levels stated in the US FDA guidelines.

The effects of microwave heating on the cooling profiles of two vegetable oils (corn oil and soybean oil) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and compared to changes in chemical parameters. These oils were exposed for several periods of time to three controlled treatments: low-, medium-, and high-power settings, respectively. The DSC results were derived from the cooling curve of oils at a scanning rate of 5°C/min. The chemical analyses of the oils included peroxide value, anisidine value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and C18:2/C16:0 peak area ratio. A statistical comparison was carried out between DSC and the chemical parameters. In general, correlations were good between these parameters. Likewise, the experimental data showed that, for a given microwave power setting, a good correlation existed between DSC curve parameters and heating periods. These results indicate that DSC can be used as an objective nonchemical, instrumental technique to monitor lipid oxidation in both traditionally heated and microwave-heated oils.Microwave heating is one of the most commonly used methods of food preparation today because of its convenience, rapidity, and economy (1). Advances in equipment design, trends in electrical energy costs, and research on food properties have provided a basis for modeling microwave heating patterns that should stimulate the development of new and improved commercial food processes. In the food industry, microwave heating operations have been used with increasing success in baking, blanching, cooking, drying, pasteurization, sterilization, and thawing of various food products (2,3). George (4) reviewed the application of microwave heating in food processing with reference to the advantages and limitations for a range of food processing operations.Microwave penetration depths within a product are determined by the electrical and physical properties, heating patterns, microbial inactivation, and safety (5) and can vary significantly with chemical composition, product temperature, and the frequency at which the microwave operates. Industrial microwave systems are available in both batch and continuous design configurations and use magnetrons that develop either 915 or 2450 MHz (6). Lassen and Ovesen (7) reviewed the effects of microwave heating on the nutritional constituents of foods and concluded it does not change the nutrient content of food to any greater extent than conventional cooking.The chemical constituents of oils that degrade during microwave heating do so at rates that vary with heating temperature and time, as with other domestic processing methods (e.g., frying, steaming, and roasting). Suitable quality parameters therefore can be used as time-temperature integrators of quality deterioration of oils during microwave heating. Monitoring of many of these parameters makes extensive use of chemicals. Also, the methods for measuring such components can be relatively complex and time-consuming, which can be a major drawback in industrial applications. Instrum...

Umami, the fifth basic taste, is the inimitable taste of Asian foods. Several traditional and locally prepared foods and condiments of Asia are rich in umami. In this part of world, umami is found in fermented animal-based products such as fermented and dried seafood, and plant-based products from beans and grains, dry and fresh mushrooms, and tea. In Southeast Asia, the most preferred seasonings containing umami are fish and seafood sauces, and also soybean sauces. In the East Asian region, soybean sauces are the main source of umami substance in the routine cooking. In Japan, the material used to obtain umami in dashi, the stock added to almost every Japanese soups and boiled dishes, is konbu or dried bonito. This review introduces foods and seasonings containing naturally high amount of umami substances of both animal and plant sources from different countries in Asia.

The relative oxidative stability of freshly prepared and stored liposomal and nanoliposomal systems of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) were investigated. The effects of organic solvents on the oxidative stability of liposomal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) produced by two methods, the Bangham thin-film hydration (conventional rotary evaporation method and using organic solvents) and Mozafari (direct hydration and without using organic solvents) methods, were compared. The highest physicochemical stability was observed in PUFA liposomes prepared by the Mozafari method, followed by conventional liposomes and bulk PUFAs. There was no significant change in physicochemical stability during 10 months of cold storage (4°C) in the dark. Moreover, the comparison between liposomes (>200 nm) and nanoliposomes (50-200 nm) revealed that the surface charge, physical stability and oxidative stability of liposomal PUFAs increased as the size of the liposomes decreased. The differences in the oxidative stability of PUFAs may be due to the protective effects of aqueous systems, which indicate the advantage of using non-organic solvent (water and CO(2)) techniques in liposome manufacturing.

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Bioactive compounds from plant sources are generally categorized as natural antioxidants with well-known health benefits. The health-promoting characteristics of natural antioxidants include anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and hepatic effects as well as free radical scavenging. Herein, a comprehensive and comparative review are presented about the effects of conventional (thermal and mechanical) and relatively new (non-thermal) processing methods on phytochemicals and discussed the importance of implementing the use of those methods that could be of very helpful retaining the quality of the bioactive compounds in plant-based foods. Plant-based foods rich in phenolics, vitamin C, carotenoids, and other compounds undergo a range of processing operations before they are consumed. Most of these methods involve thermal treatments of fruits, stems, leaves, and roots. These techniques have varying effects on bioactive compounds and their activities, and the magnitude of these effects depends on process parameters such as temperature, time, and the food matrix. Thermal processing can be detrimental to bioactive compounds while nonthermal procedures may not cause significant deterioration of important health-promoting phytochemicals and in some cases can improve their bio-activity and bio-availability. The detrimental effects of conventional processing on the quality of natural antioxidants have been compared to the effects of innovative nonthermal food treatments such as gamma and ultraviolet irradiation, ultraviolet light, pulsed electric fields, and high hydrostatic pressure.

Response surface methodology was applied to optimise the aflatoxin reduction in both naturally and artificially contaminated samples using dry oven. The effect of initial aflatoxin concentration (0-400 ng g )1 ), heating time (30-120 min) and temperature (90-150°C) was evaluated. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (78.4%) and AFB2 (57.3%) of artificially contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 237 and 68 ng g )1 , and those of AFG1 (73.9%) and AFG2 (75.2%) with initial aflatoxin concentration of 215 and 75 ng g )1 was obtained at 150°C. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (80.2%) and AFB2 (69.7%) of naturally contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 174 and 25 ng g )1 was obtained at 150°C and 130°C, respectively.

a b s t r a c tThe main objective of present study was to investigate the effect of HPLC conditions namely mobile phase composition (X 1 ), flow rate (X 2 ) and temperature (X 3 ) on peak area of four target aflatoxins (i.e. B 1 (Y 1 ), B 2 (Y 2 ), G 1 (Y 3 ) and G 2 (Y 4 )) from the spiked peanut. The significant nonlinear response surface models with high coefficient of determinations (R 2 ) ranging from 0.958 to 0.995 were fitted to evaluate the detection value of target aflatoxins as a function of HPLC variables. Flow rate had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on quantification value of target aflatoxins. The highest quantification value for target aflatoxins could be obtained under the following HPLC conditions: the mobile phase composition of ACN/ H 2 O/MeOH: 8/54/38, temperature of 24 C and flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The recommended optimum HPLC conditions provided higher peak area for all target aflatoxins by 1e2.5 fold compared to two other conditions (A: mobile phase (ACN/H 2 O/MeOH: 23/54/23), ambient temperature (28e32 C), flow rate 1 mL/min; B: mobile phase (ACN/H 2 O/MeOH: 17/54/29), temperature 30 C, flow rate 1 mL/min).