Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in commercial dried chili

Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in chilli commercialised in Turkey

“…As can be seen in Table 4, there are large differences in AFs levels, ranging from 0.08 (from Korea) to 969 (from India) mg kg À1 for AFs, depending on the origin. Not surprisingly perhaps the high incidence and levels of AFs contamination in red chilli samples were frequently reported by countries located in tropical and subtropical areas (Cho et al, 2008;Jalili & Jinap, 2012). Moreover, our findings confirmed that red chillies commercialised in Turkey pose a high risk in terms of AFs.…”

“…Contamination of capsicums with AFs has been shown in several surveys conducted in Brazil (Shundo et al, 2009), Hungary (Fazekas, Tar, & Kovácz, 2005), India (Reddy, Mayi, Reddy, Thirumala-Devi, & Reddy, 2001;Saha, Acharya, Roy, Shrestha, & Dhar, 2007), Ireland (O'Riordan & Wikinson, 2008), Italy (Romagnoli, Menna, Gruppioni, & Bergamini, 2007), Korea (Cho et al, 2008), Malaysia (Jalili & Jinap, 2012), Morocco (Zinedine et al, 2006), Pakistan (Iqbal et al, 2010), Portugal (Martins, Martins, & Bernardo, 2001), Spain (Hierro, Garcia-Villanova, Torrero, & Fonseca, 2008;Santos, Marín, Sanchis, & Ramos, 2010), Turkey (Ardic, Karakaya, Atasever, & Durmaz, 2008;Aydin, Erkan, Baş kaya, & Ciftcioglu, 2007;Erdogan, 2004;Ozbey & Kabak, 2012) and the United Kingdom (FSI, 2005). Due to the fact that the consumption of capsicums with violative levels leads to a potential health hazard in humans, monitoring programmes are very important in order to reduce exposure to AFs.…”

Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in spices

“…Co-occurrence of AFs and OTA in spices has also been reported in several studies conducted in Brazil (Shundo et al, 2009), Hungary (Fazekas, Tar, & Kovácz, 2005), India (Saha, Acharya, Roy, Shrestha, & Dhar, 2007), Malaysia (Jalili & Jinap, 2012) and Spain (Hierro, Garcia-Villanova, Torrero, & Fonseca, 2008;Santos, Marín, Sanchis, & Ramos, 2010). Most of these studies concentrated on red chilli (capsicums) samples, while relatively little is known about the occurrence of AFs and OTA in spices other than capsicums.…”

Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A Contamination in Commercial Spices in Tehran

“…There are some reports on the occurrence of mycotoxins in spices, owing to the climatic conditions of high humidity and high temperature in the countries where they are produced (6). Moreover, a few surveys have been done to determine OTA in different types of spices, including peppers (1,(7)(8)(9)(10). In Hungary, 32 out of the 70 (45.70%) ground red pepper samples contained OTA and eight of them (11.40%) were in a concentration exceeding the 10 ng/g (9).…”