New crystals of a blue copper protein, pseudoazurin from denitrifier Achromobacter cycloclastes IAM1013, have been obtained by means of vapor diffusion with ammonium sulfate as a precipitant at pH 6.0 and 4 degrees C. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic system, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions of a = 56.69(2), b = 61.53(2), and c = 30.20(1) A. The asymmetric unit includes one molecule of pseudoazurin with a Vm value of 2.04 A3/Da. The crystals are so stable against X-ray irradiation that a complete data set up to 1.54 A has been collected using a single native crystal. Solution of the structure was performed by means of the Patterson search techniques, and the current crystallographic R-factor is 17.5% at 3.0 A resolution. Refinement at higher resolution is in progress.
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The carrier mobilities of PS were studied using a short-pulsed electron-beam. Even in the polymer with a π-electron system, no clear knee was observed in the induced charge signals at low applied fields. A logarithmic plot of the induced current versus time gives a knee at time Tr, which is thought to be the transit time of the carrier front between electrodes. Simple calculation by the formula µ=L/TrE gives an apparent carrier mobility µ of 2.5×10-5 for electrons and 1.2×10-5 cm2/Vsec for holes, at 293 K. These apparent mobilities are a little smaller than those (10-4–10-5 cm2/Vsec) estimated from the knee point of the induced charge signal at higher fields in previous reports. Thus the measured mobility is field-independent and increases with temperature with an activation energy of about 0.4 eV for both electrons and holes.
Carrier mobilities in polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) doped with halogens such as iodine or bromine, were studied using a short electron beam pulse (100 ns time width). Both the hole and the electron signals induced by the electron bombardment in PE and PS increase with doping of halogens but the former is more affected. A logarithmic plot (Scher-Montroll plot) of the induced current versus time gives a knee at a time Tr, which is interpreted as the transit time of the carrier front between electrodes. Hole and electron mobilities in Br2 doped PE are about 2×10−5 cm2/V sec and 1×10−5 cm2/V sec, repectively, at room temperature, which are higher than those of undoped PE by more than two orders of magnitude. The activation energy of the mobilities also decreases from 0.330.01 eV for both electron and hole in undoped PE to 0.270.01 eV in doped PE. Similar effects are also observed in PS. Although hole mobilitiy is much smaller than electron mobility in undoped PS, these two become comparable after halogen doping. The electric breakdown strength of PE (about 6 MV/cm at room temperature) decreases after the doping of halogen (about 2.5 MV/cm in I2 doped PE at room temperature) and becomes temperature insensitive between 10 and 60 °C.
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