A transducer for measuring interface loads was fabricated, characterized, and demonstrated by measuring coefficient of friction. It is composed of a segmented body supported on normal force and shear force piezoelectric sensors. The transducer can measure forces normal to and parallel to its surface simultaneously. It is suitable for inclusion into tribological interfaces for characterization of friction in laboratory apparatus or monitoring of forces in machines for machine and process control.
The intent of this work was to develop the drawbead as an active element in the closed-loop control of sheet metal forming operations. An instrumented, computer controlled drawing press was built on which blank holddown force and drawbead penetration can be varied during drawing. Closed-loop strip drawing process control was demonstrated by in-process measurement of punch force and adjustment of drawbead penetration so as to follow a specified punch force trajectory. In addition, sensors and transducers were developed to measure local forces for process monitoring.
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