Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important high protein crop grown worldwide. North Dakota and Minnesota are the largest producers of common beans in the USA, but crop production is threatened by soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) because most current cultivars are susceptible. Greenhouse screening data using SCN HG type 0 from 317 plant introductions (PI’s) from the USDA core collection was used to conduct a genome wide association study (GWAS). These lines were divided into two subpopulations based on principal component analysis (Middle American vs. Andean). Phenotypic results based on the female index showed that accessions could be classified as highly resistant (21% and 27%), moderately resistant (51% and 48%), moderately susceptible (27% and 22%) and highly susceptible (1% and 3%) for Middle American and Andean gene pools, respectively. Mixed models with two principal components (PCs) and kinship matrix for Middle American genotypes and Andean genotypes were used in the GWAS analysis using 3,985 and 4,811 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, respectively which were evenly distributed across all 11 chromosomes. Significant peaks on Pv07, and Pv11 in Middle American and on Pv07, Pv08, Pv09 and Pv11 in Andean group were found to be associated with SCN resistance. Homologs of soybean rhg1, a locus which confers resistance to SCN in soybean, were identified on chromosomes Pv01 and Pv08 in the Middle American and Andean gene pools, respectively. These genomic regions may be the key to develop SCN-resistant common bean cultivars.
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a host of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines). Twenty-four cultivars of dry bean representing pinto, navy, black, and kidney bean classes were evaluated for host suitability for SCN HG type 0 in the greenhouse. Females of SCN developed normally on all dry bean cultivars in 30 days. Eggs collected from roots of dry bean plants were as effective as inoculum for soybean as eggs collected from roots of soybean. Averaged over experiments, the number of SCN females per plant was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) on pinto, navy, and black bean than on the susceptible soybean Lee 74. There was no difference in the number of females between kidney bean and soybean. Numbers of females per plant differed (P ≤ 0.001) among navy cultivars but not among cultivars in the other three bean classes. A female index (FI = the average number of females on the test plant divided by the average number of females on the susceptible soybean Lee 74 × 100) was calculated for each cultivar to evaluate resistance to SCN. FIs varied from 5 to 117, indicating a range of susceptibility in the crop. Kidney bean averaged the highest FI at 110, followed by navy, pinto, and black at FI = 41, 39, and 16, respectively. SCN is a potential threat to dry bean in the northern production area of North Dakota and northern Minnesota.
Shallots are one of the important commodities in Indonesia, and have become a mainstay for farmers in certain areas. This is due to the high economic value, short life, and an average harvest time of only two months. In addition, Brebes district, Central Java is one of the production centers, and farmers here have complained about an increasing disturbance and attacks in recent years. This condition is observed in the form of pathgen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, responsible for twisting leaf symptoms, and popularly termed “moler” disease. Moreover, Indonesian references show reports on the predominance from the 1970‘s, with the name “busuk umbi” Fusarium. This disease is attributed by many others as the basal plate rot, and is estimated to be important in various shallot producing countries. The paper reports on the attack state within the last three years were based on a direct survey of farmers in Brebes. This was conducted with 35 respondent farmers at 7 sub-districts of shallot production centers. The results show a gradual increased in disease intensity and the resulting yield loss within the last three years. In addition, moler intensity was higher in the rainy season, and inappropriate cultivation practices are were estimated as one of the important driving factors.
Shallot is one of the leading commodities for farmers in Brebes, Central Java. Brebes is the largest supplier of Indonesia's national shallot production. This is what makes Brebes famous as a center for shallot production. However, recently farmers have been faced with the attack of pathogens that cause Moler disease, which recently increased their attacks so that certain conditions cause significant yield losses of up to 40%. The relationship between increasing the intensity of moler and cultivation practised by shallot farmers in Brebes is discussed in this text. The research was conducted through a survey by taking seven districts with the Brebes district's highest production area. Five farmers were selected for each speed. The data was excavated from farmers with a questionnaire about the shallot cultivation practice carried out by farmers. The results showed that the cultivation practices carried out by farmers had the potential to increase the intensity of moler disease. The practice that is meant is without crop rotation or varieties, without organic fertilizers, intensive application of fungicide, and balanced fertilization.
Basal plate rot or moler caused by <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>cepae</em> (FOCe) is the most important disease of shallot. However, the information of crop losses attributed to the pathogen is still limited, especially related to resistance of shallot. This paper discusses the correlation between disease severity and resistance of some shallot varieties to yield losses. The experiment was arranged by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six varieties of shallot as treatments, each of which consisted of 20 shallots, with three times of replications. The independent variables were the disease severity of twisting leaf and rotting of shallot bulb. The association of disease severity versus yield losses in different varieties was based on the correlation analysis. The results showed that both variables were positively correlated to yield losses, which were significantly affected by the level of resistance. Yield losses in resistant and moderate varieties were at the ranges of 2.13-4.38 and 15, 27.26-40.04, respectively.
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