Aim: To study the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) contamination among dyspeptic patients in Damaturu and report on the relationship between H. pylori predominance and different age groups in the population under study. Methods: A sum of 229 volunteers with dyspeptic symptoms (140 females and 89 males; mean period of 43.6 ± 14.2 years) took an interest in the investigation. The status of infection caused by H. pylori was determined using serological test. Information was gathered by the utilization of self-managed survey while status of H. pylori was resolved dependent on the serological examination (fast symptomatic test). The one Step H. Pylori serum whole blood rapid test kit was used to detect the presence of IgG antibodies specific to H. pylori infections in the participants. Results: The prevalence of H. pylori disease was 51.96%. There was no noteworthy factual relationship between age and contamination rate at p-value (0.1515). In young subjects (under 11 years of age), the H. pylori contamination rate was moderately higher (50.00%). The most extreme number of the positive patients was found in the age range of 50-59 years (69.23%) and the base prevalence was in the age range of 10-19 years (50.00%). The overall prevalence of H. pylori contamination between the gender is out of 89 males, 55 were found to be positive to the infection (61.79%), while out of 140 females, 64 were also positive (45.71%). Despite these findings, there was no critical factual relationship between the genders and H. pylori infection (p=0.113). The statistical qualities of members at the examination section demonstrate that out of 129 patients having a place with the upper lower class, 85 subjects (66.40%) were found to be positive to H. pylori. The lower-middle-class demonstrates that out of 89 subjects 30 were positive (33.70%), while upper-middle outcome demonstrates that out of 12 subjects 4 were confirmed with 33.33%. This demonstrates that subjects living under overcrowded  conditions with dense population have a high contamination rate of H. pylori and therefore is a noteworthy factual relationship between socio-statistic factors and overall prevalence of H. Pylori infection (p = 0.001). Conclusion: We came to realize the overall prevalence of H. pylori contamination in patients with dyspeptic symptoms in Damaturu. The H. pylori contamination might be a hazard factor for peptic ulcer and more grounded gastritis.

Aflatoxin M 1 is a biomarker for the detection of breast milk contamination and also a risk factor for early infant's exposure to the toxin. Exposure assessment of 50 internally displaced infants to aflatoxin M 1 through breast-milk feeding was carried out between (June 2016 to October 2016), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to evaluate the level of AFM 1 in mother's breast milk samples and the infant's urine samples respectively. Results obtained from the study showed that 96% of the breast milk samples have maximum concentration of 0.0879µg/L with mean value of 0.0582µg/L while, the minimum and maximum excretion concentration of AFM 1 in urine sample of infants was 0.0400µg/L and 0.0651µg/L respectively with mean value of 0.05005µg/L at 88%. The study indicates that the occurrence of AFM 1 in breast milk samples of mothers with the types of food they consumed within 24-48hrs prior to sample collection that predispose the infant's exposure Original Research Article

Greywater reuse is an untapped available water resource for many rural areas in developing countries. Meanwhile, it is one of the alternative ways to overcome water scarcity in many parts of the world. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Greywater reuse as a means to overcome the problem of water scarcity and environmental pollution among restaurants and hotel owners within Damaturu metropolis in Yobe State of Nigeria. A field survey was conducted from 25 restaurants/hotels operating within Damaturu and Greywater samples were collected for reclamation using rice husk as a filter. The results of the survey indicated that the majority of the respondents expressed the problem of water scarcity and about 99% mentioned that they rely on buying multiple water trucks for their daily needs. The survey further revealed that 76% of the respondents fully agreed with greywater reuse, while 12% disagreed, and the rest of the respondents (10%) remain undecided. Physical parameters including; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Turbidity as well as general coliforms were determined before and after treatment with normal and chemically modified rice husk. However, an insignificant treatment efficiency was observed in the laboratory scale experiment with the normal rice husk which indicates the requirement for further modification. However, modification of the rice husk filter with an acidic reagent was confirmed to increase pH and electrical conductivity of the filter media, and determination of the retention time is always important in developing a greywater system

Accurate and timely SARS-CoV-2 detection in suspected persons is crucial in the fight against its spread. Many techniques have been developed to meet up with the continuously growing demand, however some of these techniques lack the required accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The current reference standard technique for SARS-CoV-2 detection is RT-PCR, but studies have shown that false-negative results are inevitable and data can be non-reproducible when samples and primers are not appropriately verified and validated. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a newly introduced technique that performs precise nucleic acid quantification. Researchers have evaluated the efficacy of ddPCR and the technique has shown promising results even in specimens with low viral load. ddPCR has shown increased accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, it is less affected by annealing and amplification inhibitors. This suggests that ddPCR can be used as a complementary detection technique especially in convalescent cases.

The study was carried out to determine the contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples (n=66) of raw milk, from three distinctive animal species (cow, n = 30; goat, n = 20; sheep, n = 16) at Yobe State University farm Damaturu in 2018. The analytical strategy utilized was high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Immunoaffinity columns were used to achieve clean–up step during HPLC and fluorometric determination. The outcomes demonstrated that 36 (54.54%) samples out of the 66 samples are debased with AFM1. The sullying rates of AFM1 in dairy animals, goat milk and sheep milk were 80.0%, 25.0% and 46.75% respectively. The mean concentration for the cow, goat and sheep milk was  0.1333µg/l, 0.0462µg/l and 0.0519µg/l respectively. The general mean convergence of AFM1 levels for positive samples from the three distinctive species was 0.0727 µg/l and there was no huge contrast (p = 0.3624) in fixation levels between the three species. The estimated intake (EDI) of AFM1 from consumption of cow milk products by teachers and the students was 0.00158g/kg b.w/day based on one-day recall methods, while hazard index was recorded to be 1.58 x10-4. The high levels of AFM1 concentration recorded in this study is an indication of contamination by the fungus during storage of feeds, this may have negative effects on the human and animal’s health since it’s proven to be carcinogenic, causes growth impairment and immune suppression. Measures should be enforced on the storage of feeds which will consequently decrease the odds of aflatoxin in milk of