HCT cholangiography is a reliable technique that is similar to direct cholangiography in visualizing biliary anatomy, anatomic variants, and choledocholithiasis.

The purpose of this prospective study is to show a technique for recording electroencephalographic activity via an endovascular approach in presurgical evaluation of epileptic patients. Technical aspects and insertion strategy are outlined. Advantages of intra-arterial electroencephalography have been demonstrated. It is a semi-invasive procedure that provides information in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy. It allows a dynamic electroencephalographic recording and patient tolerance is excellent. Risks are practically absent. Disadvantages are: in comparison to ovale electrodes, chronic and multicontact recording is not possible and the recording is only intercritical.

The aim of this study was to describe the fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) procedure in patient with a optic nerve lesion. A case of optic nerve and brain aspergillosis, an infrequent condition that can mimic tumor or tumor-like lesions, is reported. The patient was studied by CT and MRI and definite diagnosis was established by means of an ultrasound-guided FNAB. Specimen preparation revealed the presence of multiple hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus in the optic nerve lesion. The FNAB procedure is a safe and reliable diagnostic method for suspected intraorbitary tumors and tumor-like conditions especially when other less-invasive modalities have failed to establish the diagnosis and when cytologic confirmation is needed to implement aggressive therapy.

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