Introduction. In recent years, agricultural production in Russia has increased at the expense of farms and personal subsidiary plots; farmers use chemical protection means - pesticides to protect crops. Farmers and users of private household plots are considered the leading risk group most exposed to pesticides during their application, transportation, and loading. At the same time, farmers and users do not have special training in the safe handling of pesticides. They do not undergo periodic medical examinations, which increases the risk of exposure to pesticides on their health. Purpose of work. Study of exposures of pesticides in the air of the working area and on the skin of workers when they use pesticides in private farms, farms on-field, and high garden crops; justification of the requirements for the safe use of pesticides in private farms and farms. Material and methods. The established exposure levels of pesticides in the air and on the skin were compared with hygiene standards calculated or experimentally set: MPC / OBUV (mg / m3) in the atmosphere of the working area and MPC/ODU (mg/cm2) of skin contamination. The exposure level risk was determined by the KBsumm. The risk of exposure to pesticides for the operator/farmer/user based on the absorbed dose, determined by the value of the safety factor - KBp, and exposure - Kbsumm, is considered acceptable when the value of KBsumm and KBp < 1. Results. The authors presented generalized results of the analysis of the risk of exposure to pesticides in terms of both exposure (KBsumm) and absorbed dose (KBp) in natural conditions when using 20 drugs on field and garden crops in private household plots and farms. The absorbed dose for farmers, calculated taking into account the work for 6 hours, when compared with ADI, in some cases, exceeded the permissible values. The risk of using two preparations in suspension concentrates and one preparation in the form of a nanoemulsion concentrate in terms of the absorbed dose during knapsack spraying of field crops in farms was higher than the acceptable one. Conclusion. The hygienic assessment of the risk of using pesticides of different hazard classes for all land application methods into the environment convinces us the actual hygienic situation to be determined mainly by the state of the equipment used, compliance with hygiene regulations. The degree of professional skills of operators, as well as the culture of pesticide use, are significant. In the future, the risk, especially in terms of the absorbed dose, must be calculated for users of private household plots and farmworkers, taking into account the differences in cultivated areas’ volumes.
Intensive use of pesticides in Russia puts forward the task of identifying ways to prevent their adverse effects on the health of workers. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the safety requirements when working with pesticides in agriculture from a toxicological and hygienic standpoint. An analytical study was performed. Research materials documents regulating the use of pesticides, scientific publications, data from own research. The safety of pesticides for those working with them is based on numerous toxicological and hygienic studies carried out at the stage of registration tests. According to the results of toxicological studies, including the establishment of toxicity parameters for acute inhalation, dermal and oral intake, subacute and chronic exposure, in accordance with the hygienic classification of pesticides by degree of danger, a hazard class is established, which determines the possibility, scale, technology of the use of pesticides on the territory of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the study of sensitizing effects, irritating effects on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as possible manifestations of long-term effects (teratogenic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic). The severity of carcinogenic and mutagenic effects determines the restriction of the use of pesticides, up to a complete ban. Hygienic regulation of the content of active substances of pesticides is carried out taking into account the hazard class and toxicity parameters. A prerequisite for the safe use of pesticides is the establishment of hygienic standards in almost all environments. The last stage of the study is an assessment of the risk to workers when using each pesticide in real conditions of agricultural production and regulation of use. Conclusion. Safety requirements for those working with pesticides when applied using various technologies in agricultural conditions are determined taking into account the hazard class of pesticides and the equipment used. The application of the method of assessing the risk of exposure to pesticides at the stage of registration tests guarantees the exclusion from circulation in Russia of drugs that pose a real danger to a working person. The minimum risk of exposure to pesticides on workers is ensured by compliance with all safety requirements and application regulations.
Introduction. There is continued trend in recent years of increasing the use of new chemicals, most of which are potential sources of risk to human health. The hygienic assessment of their application in the regions of the Russian Federation using various technologies is becoming more and more relevant. The aim of the work was to determine the exposure levels of mankoceb, tiram and metiram (pesticides of the dithiacarbamate group), to establish the threshold of the acceptable risk of exposure to pesticides for workers while complying with technical recommendations and safety requirements. Materials and methods. The determinations of the mancozeb, thiram and metiram were carried out by the gas-liquid chromatography with a flame-photometric detector (GC, FPD); the risk assessment was carried out by exposure (KBsumm) and absorbed dose (KBp) with a complex intake of active ingredients into the body of workers, under the Methodological Instructions № 1.2.3017-12. Results. There were analyzed more than 350 samples of air of the working zone and washing from workers’ skin. There was shown an absence of active substances mancozeb and metiram in them. The insignificant content of thiram at a level close to the limit of its quantitative determination was found. Conclusion. The results obtained allow assessing the risk of safe use of drugs based on dithiocarbamates in agriculture, which is the basis for predicting the total chemical exposure to humans, and accurately evaluating the levels of pollutants.
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