Oil shale is the major indigenous fossil-fuel in Jordan: its predicted reserves, of about 5x 1019 tonnes, should be sufficient to satisfy Jordan's energyreguirements for several centuries. Jordanian oil shale has, on an average, a gross calorific value of between 5 and 7 MJ/kg, an oil yield of ~10 %, and a sulfur content of approximately 3 % by weight of the raw shale (i.e. 7 t 0 9% of the organic matter content). Using the oil shale as the input fuel, a multipurpose production process (i.e. retorfing, electricity generation, thermal water-desalination, chemicals production as well as mineral extraction) could achieve high utilisation-factors of both its chemical and energy potentials. In the long-term, oil shale is the only indigenous energy resource that could reduce Jordan's dependence on imported crude oil and hence ease the pressure on the national economy. The conversion о] ой shale into a liquid or gaseous fuel and raw materials will be of decisive importance т attempis to secure the future о] energy supplies. So national efforts devoted to the exploration for, and harnessing more economically, this energy resource, while limiting the associated adverse environmental impacts, should be accelerated. on a long-term purchase agreement basis. The Government is now devising policies and technicalguidelines to ensure such new schemes will be successful [9]. These will include considerations of : e electricity tariffs through short-and long-term supply contracts;
This paper presents the general layout and main features of a new method for utilising ой shale: integrated tri-generation system. This new scheme is expected tobe more efficient and environment-friendly, as well as a less-costly method, for producing electric power and synthetic (i.e. liquid and gaseous) fuels from oil shale, compared with traditional utilisation methods. By integrating the gasifier, circulating fluidised-bed combustor (CFBC), retort and combined-cycle turbine system in one plant, higher efficiencies can be achieved as well as lower costs of the final products.
The effect of changes in some of the experimental parameters on the oil yield has been determined in a laboratory scale reactor heated by an external electrical heater. Five categories of particle sizes of oil shale samples from two deposits in Jordan were pyrolysed by employing a fixed bed retorting system. The reactor and the oil shale sample were heated at a constant rate, and nitrogen gas was used to purge the sample, continuously, in order to remove the pyrolysis products from the reactor as well as to reduce secondary reactions. The liquid products were condensed and collected in a series of cold glass-traps and the off-gases analysed for their hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon species.
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