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We show that the accessible range of length scales of structures deduced with ultra small-angle scattering (USAX) experiments can be enlarged by more than one order of magnitude in reflection geometry set-ups. From the analysis of the diffuse scattering without further model assumptions the length scale of the structures is determinable. The method is illustrated by an example of thin blend films of deuterated polystyrene (dPS) and polyparamethylstyrene (PpMS) where mm-structures are recovered. The results are compared to atomic-force microscopy measurements. For a further comparison, USAX data of a water-based dispersion of polymer particles are presented. They illustrate the resolvable length scale of the conventional transmission geometry.

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Summary: Highly oriented high‐pressure injection‐molded (HPIM) rods from polyethylene (PE) were heated until the discrete small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) had vanished. Thereafter, non‐isothermal and isothermal crystallization was investigated in situ by means of ultra small‐angle X‐ray scattering (USAXS). The orientation of the crystallites could be controlled by choice of the melt annealing temperature (shish‐kebab model: memory or self‐nucleation effect caused by stable shishs). Both the scattering patterns and the multidimensional chord distribution function (CDF) were interpreted. A three‐stage model of crystallization was also developed. This model comprises row structure nucleation, the almost statistical insertion of extended lamellae and finally the insertion of blocky crystallites. It was found that the nanostructure evolution in the isotropic fraction of the material was the same as in the highly oriented one. The lateral extension of the lamellae was largest during isothermal crystallization. The correlation among domains was increased by non‐isothermal crystallization. The shishs in the core of the HPIM rod appeared less stable than those in the shell. Lobe‐shaped reflections observed during and after quenching were not due to an orientation distribution of layer stacks, but reflected a correlation between long period and lateral extension of crystallites. During quenching, a lateral modulation of the layer peaks in the CDF grew stronger and showed the arrangement of block‐shaped crystals proposed by Strobl to be the precursors of lamellae. The thin crystals formed during rapid cooling were built from a central block surrounded by one or two rings of satellites. The long period observed in the scattering pattern during quenching is due to correlations among crystalline blocks in a chain, and not from correlations among lamellae.USAXS scattering patterns from isothermal, oriented crystallization of HPIM‐PE material (bottom row: during final quenching after 30 min at 127 °C).magnified imageUSAXS scattering patterns from isothermal, oriented crystallization of HPIM‐PE material (bottom row: during final quenching after 30 min at 127 °C).