2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a priority pollutant according to US Environmental Protection Agency. Its use in various chemical industries and its presence in the effluent necessitate effective removal studies. The present study focuses on degradation of 2,4-DCP by phenol adapted bacteria Bacillus licheniformis strain SL10 (MTCC 25059) at a relatively faster rate. The organism exhibited tolerance to 150 ppm of 2,4-DCP and showed a linear relationship between the growth and substrate concentration (µ 0.022/h) and the inhibitory concentration was 55.74 mg/L. The degradation efficiency of the organism was 74% under optimum conditions but increased to 97% when the growth medium containing nil sodium chloride. The degradation of 2,4-DCP was effected by the action of extracellular cocktail enzyme containing Catechol 2, 3 dioxygenase (C23DO), phenol hydroxylase and Catechol, 1,2 dioxygenase (C12DO). In vitro enzymatic degradation studies exhibit 98% degradation of 50 ppm of 2,4-DCP within 2 h. Analyses of degradation products infer that the chosen organism followed a meta-cleavage pathway while degrading 2,4-DCP. In conclusion, the bacteria Bacillus licheniformis strain SL10 finds potential application in the remediation of 2,4-DCP.
The present study explores the preparation, characterization and reusability efficacy of an aminefunctionalized graphene oxide and polyphenol oxidase complex for the removal of phenol from aqueous phase. In brief, graphene oxide (GO) is synthesized according to modified Hummer's method using graphite powder and functionalized with amine using the Bucherer's method (GO-NH 2 ). Partially purified polyphenol oxidase (PP-PPO) enzyme extracted from Solanum tuberosum is used for the preparation of the complex. The resultant GO-NH 2 -(PP-PPO) complex is used for the phenol degradation studies. The samples of GO, GO-NH 2 , and GO-NH 2 -(PP-PPO) complex are characterized using various instrumental techniques. Spectral UV data and FTIR and XRD diffraction patterns confirm the amine functionalization on GO. Raman spectrum, SEM micrograph and thermogravimetric (TG)analyses authenticate the linked enzyme on GO-NH 2 . GO-NH 2 -(PP-PPO) complex demonstrates >90% enzyme stability at all the studied temperatures (4 C, À20 C, RT and 37 C). Phenol degradation studies show >99% removal of 1000 ppm of phenol within 5 hours from the start of the experiment at the optimized pH of 5.0 and temperature of 30 C, as inferred from HPLC analysis.Catechol and hydroquinone compounds are identified as intermediates during the removal of phenol. Furthermore, studies on the reuse of GO-NH 2 -(PP-PPO) complex suggest that the complex can be used effectively for the removal of phenol up to maximum 7 cycles. In conclusion, the observations made in the present study show that the complex containing amine-functionalized graphene oxide and phenoloxidase is effective for the removal of phenol with appreciable reusability.
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