Binary compact objects will be among the important sources for the future space-based gravitational wave detectors. Such binary compact objects include stellar massive binary black hole, binary neutron star, binary white dwarf and mixture of these compact objects. Regarding to the relatively low frequency, the gravitational interaction between the two objects of the binary is weak. Post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity is valid. Previous works about the waveform model for such binaries in the literature consider the dynamics for specific situations which involve detailed complicated matter dynamics between the two objects. We here take a different idea. We adopt the trick used in pulsar timing detection. For any gravity theories and any detailed complicated matter dynamics, the motion of the binary can always be described as a post-Keplerian expansion. And a post-Keplerian gravitational waveform model will be reduced. Instead of object masses, spins, matter's equation of state parameters and dynamical parameters beyond general relativity, the involved parameters in our post-Keplerian waveform model are the Keplerian orbit elements and their adiabatic variations. Respect to current planning space-based gravitational wave detectors including LISA, Taiji and Tianqin, we find that the involved waveform model parameters can be well determined. And consequently the detail matter dynamics of the binary can be studied then. For binary with purely gravitational interactions, gravity theory can be constrained well.
A273thousands. Descriptive analysis was applied to the data and related BMI payment policies were reviewed. Results: 1) Altogether there were 49.81 million insured persons who used medical services in 2014, among which 95.71% used outpatient medical services and 17.68% used inpatient medical services. 2) Most of the patients went to high-level hospitals to see doctors. 33.95% went to the third level hospitals and 22.33% went to the secondary level hospitals. 3) Averagely every 56 outpatient visits may result in 1 hospitalization. 4) The average annual medical expenditure was 5383 RMB for BMI participants, among which 1828 RMB (34%) was paid out-ofpocket. 5) The medical burden from hospitalization (55.09%) was higher than that from outpatient services. 6) The amount of total burden of employee participants (4825 RMB) was 2.4 times higher than that of urban residents, but the proportion of out-of-pocket (30.06%) was lower than the latter. ConClusions: Grading diagnosis and treatment should be promoted to guide the patients with commonly encountered diseases to be treated in basic level hospitals, which will control the irrational increase of medical expense and alleviate the total medical burden. At the same time, the medical service supervision should be enhanced to improve the rationality of medical services and decrease the unnecessary expenditures.
terms of observable characteristics such as age, gender, and comorbidities (pϽ0.001). Samples were balanced with nearest neighbor matching. Then segmented time-series models were applied. There was a significant association between the onset of intervention and the level of utilization of these drugs. CONCLUSIONS: To isolate the effects of guidelines, we need to control for three different factors: 1) baseline differences between the two groups; 2) stepwise differences at the intervention point; and 3) trend differences after the intervention. We showed that propensity score matching can be used for the first factor, and the latter two can be controlled with the interrupted time-series model. OBJECTIVES:The burden of caregiving is high. In 2009 there were an estimated 65.7 million caregivers in the U.S. (29% of the adult population) and these numbers are expected to swell in the coming years with the ageing population. Caregiving impacts on the health, wellbeing and work productivity of the caregiver, therefore research aimed at assessing and reducing the burden of caregiving is warranted. The objective of this study was to assess the status of current clinical research into the burden of caregiving. METHODS: Clinicaltrials.gov was searched for trials where caregiver burden (CB) was reportedly measured. Information on the carerecipient condition (CRC), the primary focus of the study, and the type of intervention being considered, was extracted from the included trials. RESULTS: 80 trials were identified that measured a reported outcome of CB. The most common CRC was Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (34 studies); followed by cancer (14), frail and elderly (8), mental health (7), Parkinson's disease (7), brain and spinal cord injury (5) and 'other' (5). A range of questionnaire-based instruments were reportedly used across studies to elucidate the physical, emotional (psychological), social and financial impacts of caregiving.The role or burden of the caregiver was a key focus in 55% of the studies; trials involving care of cancer patients had the highest proportion of caregiver-focused studies (12/14, 86%). Behavioural and drug interventions were the most frequently investigated intervention type (38% and 25% of trials, respectively), although no studies investigating a 'drug' intervention evaluated the effect on caregivers as a primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Current clinical research into the burden of informal caregiving is concentrated in age-related CRCs. Research interventions aimed at relieving CB are mostly behavioural in nature. The growing number of caregivers means that research into effective methods of reducing CB will be of ever increasing importance.
OBJECTIVES: Published 'Think Aloud' experiments on EQ-5D elicitation methods suggest that VAS and TTO may capture different constructs of preference. There has been some discussion concerning issues of so called implausible options and the possibility of non-trading in DCEs, the extent to which respondents may be 'aware' of their rationale for choices or valuations, and the use of heuristics in complex tasks. This qualitative study seeks to uncover how respondents think about EQ-5D elicitation tasks, and how they arrive at-and-interpret their responses to the extent that they are aware of these processes. METHODS: Forty respondents carried out a series of valuation exercises (ranking, VAS, TTO and DCE in randomized order) involving 6 EQ-5D states. In a variant of a 'Think Aloud' method, respondents were asked to explain their thought processes and decisions after each exercise. RESULTS: A 'Thurstone Effect' is suggested by Ranking-VAS preference reversals: 58% of respondents reported having 'changed their minds' about the order of preference among states when assigning VAS values to states that they had just ranked (novel task), and declared their VAS order as being 'correct'. Evidence of TTO non-trading thresholds, and inclusion of factors in TTO that are absent in VAS valuations were observed (68%). Differences between valuations are also observed because of the natural comparators in each elicitation method: 11,111 for TTO, one pair for DCE and all 6 states for ranking and VAS. Some evidence of the effect of one elicitation method on another was found. E.g. some respondents report that performing a TTO task in between a VAS and DCE influences the way they compare states in the DCE. Further insight into heuristics used by respondents was obtained using patterns of preference reversals and confidence ratings. CONCLUSIONS: These findings carry implications for the design of EQ-5D Valuation subsets.
This paper presents an advanced organizer called SmartTag as a solution to ease the effort in identifying relevant messages in asynchronous discussion forums. SmartTag includes two tools for solving the problem: first, a message organizer for tagging relevant messages for future references, and second, a message filter that computationally evaluates the relevance of new messages for a user based on the personal preferences of this and other users. SmartTag employs techniques in statistical text analysis, recommender systems and collaborative filtering.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.