Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a complex metabolic state of the body, attributable to a synergistic combination, mutual reinforcement and aggravation of the pathological mechanisms of sarcopenia and obesity. SO is associated with a decrease in the quality of life, dependence on outside help, an increased risk of disability and premature death. Currently, the urgency of the SO problem is increasing due to the global demographic aging of the population, the high incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), geriatric syndromes of sarcopenia and frailty in the developed countries of the modern world. It is of interest to review current literature data on the prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, as well as the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity.
The peculiarity of the limbic system is that between its structures there are simple bilateral relations and complex paths, forming a set of closed circles. Such an organization creates conditions for a long circulation of the same excitation in the system and thus for the preservation of a single state in it and the dominance of this state to other brain systems. The limbic system organizes and ensures the flow of vegetative, somatic and mental processes in emotional and motivational activity. It also provides perception and storage of emotionally significant information, selection and implementation of adaptive forms of emotional behavior. In this regard, the limbic system is called the “visceral brain”. The main medical and social significance of the visceral brain is the formation of emotions. The visceral brain is involved in the regulation of the functions of internal organs, smell, automatic regulation, emotions, memory, sleep, wakefulness, etc. Visceral brain determines the choice and implementation of adaptive forms of behavior, the dynamics of innate forms of behavior, maintenance of homeostasis, generative processes. It provides hormonal stimulation of the body, creating an emotional background, the formation and implementation of the processes of higher nervous activity. Cognitive memory is one of the largest and most capacious concepts that represents the basic function of memory in General. The knowledge that a person receives during training is first perceived as something external, but then gradually they turn into experience and beliefs. Cognitive memory retains all the knowledge gained, representing a kind of “library”, and the process of assimilation and preservation is complicated as the complexity of the information received.
Modern technologies and tools for the rehabilitation of patients with Alzheimer’s disease have many potential applications for the treatment of dementia from diagnosis and evaluation to medical care, medical, social and economic support: from healthy aging, to accelerated and pathological aging of Homo sapiens. Doctor and neuroscientist: a modern solution to problems of rehabilitation ‘cognitive brain’ of Homo sapiens using on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and with another — a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinical neurophysiologist ‘universal’ specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and geriatrics. Systems biology, Biophysics, physiology, neurophysiology and highlight the multidimensional and combinatorial profiles of genetic, biological, pathophysiological and clinical biomarkers that reflects the heterogeneity of neurodegeneration, by means of modern efficient analysis tools to register and create comprehensive maps of the brain and recording of dynamic models in different systems: from molecules to neurons to brain regions. Bioinformatics, neuroimaging and neurophysiology of systems are aimed at calculating neural network models of the relationship between structure and dynamic function in brain networks. Structural and functional markers of the brain establish a link between clinical phenotypes and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms. Phenotypic variability is now considered one of the biggest problems in gerontology and geriatrics. MRI imaging to detect subtle changes in brain tissue and structure, fMRI imaging to measure changes in brain activity, and EEG to measure electrical activity have given clinicians many new insights into what happens in the brain in healthy and pathological aging. The paradigm of system neurophysiology is aimed at studying the fundamental principles of functioning of integrated neural systems through the integration and analysis of neural information recorded in a multimodal way (for example, fMRI and EEG), through computational modeling and combining data mining methods. The ultimate goal of systemic neurophysiology is to find out how signals are represented in neocortical networks and what role many different neural components play. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting Alzheimer's disease with the help of combined and hybrid neuroimaging, sequencing of a new generation, etc., in order to start timely and effective rehabilitation brain Homo sapiens.
Biophysics of blood circulation in Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by disorders of laminar blood flow and cerebral hypoperfusion. As a result, failure intracellular metabolism, there is a cascade of changes in neurons associated with the processes of excitotoxicity and oxidant stress, which in turn stimulates amyloidogenesis. Experimental and 25-year observations have shown that the long-existing state of hypoperfusion leads to hippocampal disorders. This process is accompanied by memory impairment, structural changes in the capillaries in the hippocampus, impaired glucose and protein metabolism, β–amyloid deposition, activation of glial tissue, death of hippocampal neurons. Neuroreflex disruption in the ‘cerebral heart’ and a violation of cerebrovascular homeostasis contributes to the development of vascular dementia through the following mechanisms, including cerebral microangiopathy, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuronal damage, the increase in β–amyloid neurotoxicity, apoptosis, etc. The duration of therapy with antiglutamatergic and multimodal drugs in Alzheimer’s disease requires constant multidisciplinary monitoring of targets and medical and social control in the system of long-term care. Lifelong acquisition of knowledge, information positive Nano communication enable the preservation of mental health and active longevity. Innovative methods of P4-medicine of neuroplasticity management allow to carry out timely prevention of the factors reducing neuroplasticity, to keep factors of positive influence on visceral and cognitive brain, and the main thing — in due time to apply in practical health care the combined methods of preservation and development of the human cognitive brain.
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