The present study aimed to analyze the influence of forest vegetation and soil depth on soil physiochemical characteristics of Col. Sher Jung National Park in Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh. In each community, three replicates of composite soil samples were collected from two different soil layers (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm). Different parameters such as bulk density (g cm -3 ), soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (dS m -1 ) and soil organic carbon (%) was estimated. Results revealed that maximum bulk density was recorded under the pure Shorea robusta forest and minimum was observed under Eucalyptus tereticornis forest plantation. Further, bulk density of soil in every forest communities was significantly lower at depth 0-20 cm as compared to 20-40 cm depth of soil. Results regarding soil pH revealed that forest area was more or less neutral in both the depths of Eucalyptus tereticornis forest plantation and strongly acidic in pure Shorea robusta community. Soil organic carbon (%) was recorded maximum under the Eucalyptus tereticornis forest plantation and minimum under pure Shorea robusta forest community. Further, organic carbon (%) in all forest communities was significantly higher at 0-20 cm soil depth than the 20-40 cm depth of soil. Soil electrical conductivity value decreases with the increase in soil depth in all the vegetation types. Reported observation revealed that maximum electrical conductivity was recorded under the pure Shorea robusta forest community and minimum under Eucalyptus tereticornis forest plantation.
The present investigation entitled "Altitudinal variation of woody vegetation in Tirthan valley of Great Himalayan National Park at Kullu, Himachal Pradesh" was carried out in three different elevation i.e. lower zone (1500-2000 m.), mid zone (2000-2500 m.) and upper zone (2500-3000 m.) of Tirthan valley at Great Himalayan National Park. In every elevational zone, 12 quadrats of 30 m X 30 m (900 sq m) size determined by species area curve method were randomly laid to study tree species. In each quadrat, a sub-quadrat of 5m X 5m (25 sq m) size for study of shrubs was laid. The generic spectrum of vegetation in Tirthan valley of Great Himalayan National Park comprised of 113 woody elements which included 58 tree species and 98 shrub species. In Tirthan valley, number of forest species decreased periodically from lower elevation to upper elevation and mean density (Individual/ha.) of tree vegetation increased along elevation. Tree density (Individual/ha.) in Tirthan valley was 683.33, 758.34 and 816.67 for lower zone, mid zone and upper zone respectively. Whereas, shrub density (Individual/ha.) in valley was 2866.67, 1900, 1233.33 for lower, mid and upper zone respectively. In valley, Pinus wallichiana at lower zone (IVI 58.7), Picea smithiana at mid zone (IVI 50.43), Quercus semecarpifolia at upper zone (IVI 70.79) were the dominant tree species. In shrub layer of Tirthan forest, dominant species at lower zone was Desmodium triflorum, at mid zone was Indigofera heterantha while at upper zone it was Rosa sericea.
Steel Melting Shop One (SMS-I) has 03 BOF converters with 135 tons capacity each. The SMS-II has 04 BOF converters with 180 tons capacity each and SMS-III with 1x160 ton EAF Furnace. India's largest integrated complex intend in the near future to build SMS-IV and will reach 16 million tons of steel per year. The other side, common problems during operations of BOF happens like: Jam's formation of blowing lance and converters mouth with dirty skirt. Efforts are made every day to avoid and reduce these effects and increase productivity and reduce costs. This present paper, the focus was enhanced blowing lance operation, reduction of lance jam and converters mouths jam of BOF shops. A new concept of lance tips was introduced for the same to improve more stable conditions during long life lance tips called "Slagless Clean Up cartridge". The target of this work is shown new conditions to reach like: increase cartridges life, reduce jams around lance and mouth contribute for stable operations.
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