These results suggest that prostate cancer development is not associated with the Glu298Asp polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in our population. Further studies in larger samples are needed to confirm our results and characterize the molecular mechanisms by which eNOS is involved in the susceptibility to prostate cancer.

No abstract

We found no association between the ACE polymorphism and cancer risk, overall or by grade, stage, or age of diagnosis. The difference in results for ACE polymorphisms between studies may be minimized by using larger study groups.

Kallikarein‐related peptidase 3 (KLK3) gene polymorphisms seem to play a role in susceptibility to prostate cancer (PC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between rs2735839 polymorphism of KLK3 gene and risk of PC in an Iranian population. In this case‐control study, rs2735839 was genotyped in 532 patients with PC and 602 controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The frequency of GG, AG, and AA genotypes of KLK3 polymorphism was 24.6% and 76.2%, 46.6% and 21.7%, and 28.8% and 2.1%, in patients with BPH and PC, respectively (P < 0.001). The frequency of G allele in patients with BPH and PC was 47.9% and 87%, respectively (odds ratio: 7.31; confidence interval: 5.88‐9.10; P < 0.001). Patients with AG and GG genotypes had a higher total serum level of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) compared to those with AA genotype (P < 0.001). Patients with this polymorphism had higher risk of tumor with higher grade (P = 0.23), advanced stage (P = 0.11), perineural invasion (P = 0.07), and vascular invasion (P = 0.07) compared to those without it but this difference was not statistically significant. Based on our results, KLK3 gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of PC. Higher levels of PSA in the presence of KLK3 polymorphism in patients with PC indicated that rs2735839 polymorphism could be a risk factor for increased levels of PSA.

Background: NAT2 enzyme involved in bioconversion of aromatic amines, heterocyclic arylamines and certain drugs into electrophilic ions that can be important initiators in tumorigenesis process. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the possible association between NAT2 polymorphisms (857 G > A, 481 T > C, and 590 G > A) and risk of prostate cancer (PC). Methods: Totally, 207 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 147 PC Iranian patients were evaluated. NAT2 genotypes were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios for the association between presence of each genotype and developing PC. Results: For NAT2 G857A, the frequency of AA and AG genotypes was lower among PC patients compared to those without it (1.01% vs. 0 and 55.88% vs. 54.55%, respectively; P = 0.7). For NAT2 T481c, the odds ratios for the association of TT and CT genotypes with PC were 0.65 and 0.55, respectively, which were not statistically significant (P = 0.5 and P = 0.09, respectively). For NAT2 G590a, both AA (11.11% vs. 12.87%) and AG (45.83% vs. 52.48%) genotypes were significantly more common among PC patients compared to BPC patients (P = 0.008). However, none of the relevant odds ratios were statistically significant (OR = 2.2, P = 0.2 and OR = 1.72, P = 0.1, respectively). Among PC patients, CT genotype of T481C caused more than 4-fold significant increase in the risk of developing advanced stages of PC. Conclusions: Our study represented credible evidence that carrying G857A, G590A and T481C polymorphisms of NAT2 may not affect developing PC, its grading or invasion, but heterozygote genotype of T481C polymorphism (Rapid acetylator) can be associated with more advanced stages of cancer earlier in life. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to more precisely assess the genetic risk factors of PC.