Physical stress affects the immune system, activates the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) subsystems of autonomic nervous system (ANS), and increases the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). The specific response of the major regulatory systems depends on the human functional state. Saliva is a unique diagnostic fluid, the composition of which immediately reflects the SNS, PNS, HPA and immune system response to stress. A new method of saliva biomarker determination by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy has been developed to monitor the exercise induced metabolic changes in saliva from male endurance athletes. The method has been tested using a group of professional athletes by analysing saliva samples collected before and after the exercise, and the saliva composition monitoring by ATR FTIR spectroscopy was shown to be suitable for real-time checking of response to stress.
The effects of 30-min medium-intensity exercise on the expression of genes encoding heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A) and its cochaperones HSP-70-binding protein 1 (HSPBP1) and Tag7 (PGLYRP1) in human leukocytes were studied. Transcription activities of HSPA1A and PGLYRP1 genes increased immediately after medium-intensity exercise, while activity of HSPBP1 gene remained unchanged. During recovery after exercise, the expression of HSPA1A gene virtually did not change, while the expression of PGLYRP1 gene continued to increase and after 90 min more than 2-fold surpassed the basal level.
The dynamics of salivary hydrocortisone during exercise depends on the professional status of the athlete. Hydrocortisone concentrations increase and those of secretory IgA decrease significantly during short-term highly intense exercise. Presumably, basal serum hydrocortisone level is the key factor in restoration of the secretory IgA concentration after exercise by inhibition of lymphocyte, macrophage, and monocyte functions through an increase in glucocorticoid level under the effect of physiological stressors.
We developed a method of rapid assay for biochemical properties of the saliva based on attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. This method allows evaluating saliva composition within 5 min without sample preparation; 10 microl sample is enough for the analysis. The concentration of total protein, glucose, secretory immunoglobulin A, urea, amylase, cortisol, inorganic phosphate in the saliva can also be measured. Precision and reproducibility of the evaluated parameters are comparable to those obtained by routine clinical analysis.
The effects of 6-h marathon ultra-race (long aerobic work below the lactate threshold level) on the levels of IL-6, leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF), and stem cell growth factor (SCF) were studied. The athletes participating in the study had different endurance levels evaluated by the distance covered over 6 h. The level of IL-6 sharply increased after exercise. The degree of IL-6 increase correlated with the length of the distance covered (r=0.83, p=0.042). The concentration of LIF after exercise inversely correlated with the distance covered (r=-0.75), but this correlation was statistically insignificant. The IL-6/LIF proportion exhibited the highest correlation with the result in the marathon ultra-race. This parameter most fully characterized athlete endurance (r=0.92, p=0.009). Hence, the relationship of LIF with physical endurance was demonstrated. Involvement of LIF in antibody production processes can be responsible for it.
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