Organic pollutants cause many environmental problems to our environment because of their toxicity, non-degradation and ability to long-range transport. The most common organic pollutants are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are known as hydrocarbons. Effective techniques for the removal of hydrocarbons and heavy metals from soil have drawn great attention. Remediation techniques represent one of the most important of these techniques because of their gentle impact on the environment. The study highlights numerous methods for Physical and chemical remediation techniques with explanation of the ability of some plants and agricultural wastes for remediation.
Arsenic is a toxic element that can occurs in the environment as a result of either natural processes or anthropogenic activities. The accumulation of arsenic in form of arsenate As(V) in soils and sediments threatens the health of plants, wildlife and human. Goethite (α-FeOOH), zerovalent iron (fine powder of iron metal) and clay minerals play an important role in controlling the concentration of soluble arsenic in pure water due to it is formed inner sphere surface complexes. Extraction of arsenic using phosphate, sulphate, molybdate and DTPA had been suggested as a procedure to assess its amounts. Arsenate was equilibrated with soils at 10-100 µg As ml -1 surface coverage and extracted by 0.005M DTPA. On the other hand, it was equilibrated with goethite and zerovalent iron at 10 µg As ml -1 and pH values of 5 and 9 as well as it was extracted by phosphate, sulphate and molybdate solutions at a ratio of I : 100 ≈ As : each solution and pH values ranging from 3 to 12.Regarding soils, desorbed As (µg g -1 ) from both the studied loamy and clay loam soils by DTPA gradually increased with increasing initial As (V) concentration. A slight increase in the desorbed As from the loamy soil was observed with increasing its initial concentration from 30 to 40, 50 to 60 and 60 to 100 µg As ml -1 . Whereas, a relatively high increase in the desorbed As(V) from the clay loam soil was noticed with increasing the initial concentration of As(V) from 20 to 30,70 to 80 and 90 to 100 µg As ml -1 .Concerning goethite, the values of As(V) desorbed by using phosphate (at pH 5) depend on the pH values, where the relative increase percentages of As(V) desorbed from goethite reached 31.6, 33.0 and 70.6% at pH values of 3, up to 7 and 12, respectively. The corresponding relative increase percentages of As(V) desorbed in case of phosphate (concentration of 100 times as arsenate and at pH 9) were greatly affected and reached 43.7, 46.0 and 75.5%, respectively. In case of sulphate, the relative increase in As(V) desorbed was negligible either at pH 3 or with increasing its value up to 7, where the relative increase percentage was 0.34% at both pH values, and then greatly increased to 59.8%) at pH 12. As for molybdate (at initial concentration ratio of 100 : 1 of MoO 4 : As), it has a greatest effect on As(V), where the relative increase percentages of As(V) desorbed reached 32.0% at pH 3, and then sharply decreased to 0.10% with increasing pH up to 7. Above pH 7, the relative increase percentages of As(V) desorbed increased again to 58.9% at pH 12.With respect to zerovalent iron, phosphate (at concentration ratio of 100 solution : 1 As and pH 5) had a moderate effect on As(V) desorbed at pH 3, where the relative increase percentage was 10.1%, and it tended to decrease with increasing pH value up to 7 (7.08%). Above pH 7, the relative increase percentage of As (V) increased again to 48.1% at pH 12. In case of phosphate (at initial adsorption pH of 9), the relative increase percentages were greatly affected, i.e., 23.50, 22.09 and 55.70% at p...
This study is an important strategy to support the local best usage of marginal desert soils as well as low quality water as alternative irrigation water resources, for irrigating. Also, it represents a huge challenge and technical solution for an environmental problem, i.e., the utilization of contaminated sewage effluent as an alternative irrigation source for wooding the west desert outskirts of Luxor as well as Ismailia governorates, Egypt. With no competing food uses, this characteristic turns attention to Jatropha curcas trees, which grow in tropical and subtropical climates. Among the non-edible oil sources, Jatropha curcas is identified as a potential biodiesel source, which has added advantages as rapid growth, higher seed productivity, suitable for tropical and subtropical regions. The integrated combination between wastewater as an irrigation source, marginal desert soil and Jatropha curcas as potential biodiesel source represents a new agriculture strategy as well as affects the country's economy and its development. This is due to the possible adverse effects on either crop products or human health should be alleviated; besides it represents an ideal solution to meet out higher diesel demand.and oil imports. Also, such biodiesel, as a renewable energy source, is becoming increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum fuelled engines. However, the released CO2 as an air volatile pollutant represents a fewer value equal about 20 % of that derived from petroleum fuelled engines. The special attention was focused to optimize the first step of the process for reducing the possible adverse effects of contaminated sewage effluent, among being passed through an oxidation or bio-remediation pond. The second attention was focused to optimize for reducing the possible adverse effects of the marginal desert sandy soil, among being applied a suitable irrigation system of drip irrigation system that partially capable to retain enough available soil moisture range for grown plants and biological activity. The obtained field studies and analytical data indicate that the experimental soil is encompassing by the aeolian deposits, and classified as Typic Torripsamments, siliceous, hyper thermic Typic. The suitability criteria of water source for irrigation purpose indicate that it lies in the first category C1S1, i.e., no problems for salinity and sodicity are expected. An elemental composition analysis of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and Cr as well as biological criteria (i.e., COD, BOD, Fecal Coli, Salmonella and Shighla) was executed on each of the studied irrigation water and experimental soil, and it was found that their available contents still within the permissible limits, since their soluble values in the used irrigation water source are more than the fresh water. Hence, a field experiment was conducted on the chosen soil sites,.The agricultural management practices were conducted as usual. The obtained results showed a...
The aim of this study is to assess the extent of heavy metals contamination in soil and plants grown thereon (i.e., bean. clover, cotton and swiss chard) due to irrigation with different qualities of water. Therefore, soil, water and plant samples were taken from the investigated area, which located Eastern the Nile Delta, South Manzala lake and West canal of Suez. Soils of this area are, generally, irrigated with mixed water from El-Salam canal except for a small area that is irrigated with wastewater from Bahr El-Bakar drain. Results obtained showed that total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd. As and Se in the mixed water of El-Salam canal and wastewater of Bahr El Bakar drain were greatly less than the maximum levels allowed for irrigation .The sequence of irrigation water sources according to their contamination with heavy metals was El-Salam canal-2 water (1 El-Salam canal -1: 1 drainage water)> El-Salam canal-1 (7 Nile water: 1 drainage water) > Bahr El-Bakar drain water. Total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Se in the surface layer of studied soils ranged from 73.9 to 80.4, 50.8 to 55.1, 26.5 to 41.1, 0.66 to 1.5, 53.8 to 60.8 and 2.23 to 6.0 mg kg -1 , respectively; whereas As was not found in a detectable concentration. Also, concentrations of the DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Se ranged from 0.82 to 1.25, 3.6 to 5.85, 0.53 to 0.82, 0.006 to 0.015 and 0. 043 to 0.12 mg kg -1 soil, respectively. Whereas Ni and As were not found in detectable concentrations. Total accumulations of the concerned heavy metals in the soils were less than the maximum permissible loadings according to USEPA-503 regulations. Total content of Zn, Cu, Se, Pb and As in shoots and roots of the grown plants were, to a great extent, in the normal range. However total content of both Cd and Ni were slightly higher. Generally, the sequence of heavy metals in the studied plant shoots and roots according to their concentrations was as follows: Zn≥ Cu> Ni> Pb> Se> Cd>As. Total concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Ni in all plant shoots were mostly higher than in roots; whereas concentrations of As and Se in both shoots and roots were, more or less, the same. On the other hand, total contents of Pb and Cd in the roots were higher than in shoots.
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