The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between visual function and retinal structure in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). In 22 eyes of 22 chronic CSC patients with serous retinal detachment at the macula, retinal sensitivity was measured using MP3 microperimetry (NIDEK, Japan) and mean sensitivity within two degrees (MS2), four degrees (MS4) and six degrees (MS6), as well as foveal sensitivity (MS0), were calculated. Retinal structure was measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis, Heidelberg). The relationship between visual function (LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity [LogMAR VA] and MS0, MS2, MS4, MS6) and serous retinal detachment height at the fovea (SRDH), central retinal thickness (CRT), macular volume (MV) and central choroidal thickness (CCT) was investigated. There were significant negative correlations between LogMAR VA and MS0 (p = 0.016), MS2 (p = 0.049). No significant relationship was observed between LogMAR VA and SRDH (p = 0.97) although there was a significant negative correlation between SRDH and MS2 (p = 0.028), MS4 (p = 0.049), MS6 (p = 0.023). In conclusion, in CSC, serous retinal detachment was significantly correlated with retinal sensitivity measured with MP3, but not with LogMAR VA.

Retinal occlusive diseases are common diseases that can lead to visual impairment. Retinal artery occlusion and retinal vein occlusion are included in the clinical entity, but they have quite different pathophysiologies. Retinal artery occlusion is an emergent eye disorder. Retinal artery occlusion is mainly caused by thromboembolism, which frequently occurs in conjunction with life-threatening stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, prompt examinations and interventions for systemic vascular diseases are often necessary for these patients. Retinal vein occlusion is characterized by retinal hemorrhage and ischemia, which may impair visual function via several complications such as macular edema, macular ischemia, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascular glaucoma. Even though anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy is the current established first-line of treatment for retinal vein occlusion, several clinical studies have been performed to identify better treatment protocols and new therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the current findings and advances in knowledge regarding retinal occlusive diseases, particularly focusing on recent studies, in order to provide an update for a better understanding of its pathogenesis.

Purpose To evaluate the usefulness of the retinal sensitivity in branch retinal vein occlusion (BVO) with macular edema (ME) following the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment. Methods Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), microperimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements were carried out in 20 patients with BVO with ME, at baseline and 1 month after the anti-VEGF treatment. The relationships among BCVA, mean retinal sensitivity (MS), macular volume (MV), central retinal thickness (CRT), integrity of ellipsoid zone (EZ), mean retinal sensitivity in the most affected quadrant (qMS), and macular volume in the most affected quadrant (qMV) were investigated. In addition, the relationships among the change in BCVA at 1 month (ΔBCVA1m), mean sensitivity in the most affected quadrant at 1 month (ΔqMS1m), MV in the most affected quadrant at 1 month (ΔqMV1m), and CRT at 1 month (ΔCRT1m) were analyzed. The optimal model for BCVA at 3 months after the treatment (BCVA3m) was identified. Results There was not a significant difference in BCVA (paired Wilcoxon test, p = 0.058) between at baseline and after the treatment, but there were significant differences in MS, MV, CRT, qMS, and qMV (p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between ΔqMS1m and ΔMV1m, ΔCRT1m, and ΔqMV1m, respectively. ΔMS1m or ΔqMS1m and BCVA at baseline and ΔBCVA1m were selected as explanatory variables in the optimal model for BCVA3m. Conclusion Retinal sensitivity was related to retinal structure, whereas this was not the case with BCVA. In addition, retinal sensitivity was useful to predict BCVA after anti-VEGF therapy.

We investigated the anatomical differences in the choroidal structure between pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy and age-matched healthy nonpregnant women using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and choroidal binarization analysis. The main parameters measured in the two study groups, namely, pregnant women in the first trimester and healthy nonpregnant women, were choroidal thickness and the choroidal luminal area. Binarization of the EDI-OCT images from each patient was performed, and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was calculated. The correlations between the baseline characteristics of the subjects and the CVI were investigated using linear mixed model analysis. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean age, best-corrected visual acuity, axial length, central retinal thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness, systolic blood pressure (BP), or diastolic BP between the two study groups. Conversely, a significant difference was observed in the CVI (P = 0.012) between the two groups. The multivariate analysis identified a significant correlation between the CVI and the systolic BP (P = 0.0044, linear mixed test). Taken together, a larger choroidal luminal area was associated with a higher systolic BP, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. Our findings may provide further insight into the choroidal changes that occur during pregnancy.

Purpose To evaluate the visual outcomes of vitrectomy for lamellar macular hole (LMH) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) foveoschisis and to investigate the prognostic factor for postoperative visual acuity. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 15 LMH and 17 ERM foveoschisis eyes that had undergone a standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy with (12 eyes) or without (20 eyes) cataract surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at postoperative three months and the final visit were compared to the preoperative measurements. We investigated the relationship between BCVA at the final visit and baseline parameters (age, preoperative BCVA, the presence of epiretinal proliferation [EP] and ellipsoid zone [EZ] disruption). The best explanatory variables for the final BCVA were investigated using the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) model selection. Results The mean age was 67.2 years. The mean follow-up duration was 30.7 months. Fifteen of 32 examined eyes were diagnosed as LMH and 17 eyes as ERM foveoschisis. Twelve eyes in LMH had EP and 13 eyes showed the disruption of EZ integrity. In total, BCVA significantly improved at 3 months postoperatively (p = 0.0013). A significant improvement was observed in ERM foveoschisis (p = 0.0085) but not in LMH group (p = 0.071). Comparing the BCVA between the baseline and the final visit, significant improvements were observed in total, ERM foveoschisis and LMH group (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p = 0.026, respectively). The optimal model for BCVA at the final visit included preoperative BCVA and the presence of EZ disruption (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion Our results suggested that the final BCVA was dependent on preoperative BCVA and the presence of EZ disruption. Surgical indications might be warranted for LMHs with EZ disruption.

To compare the short-term surgical effectiveness and safety profile of trabeculotomy ab externo and ab interno with microhook in terms of the recovery of visual acuity. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent trabeculotomy combined with phacoemulsification and lens implantation at Asahi General Hospital, with 6 months of follow-up. The patients treated by trabeculotomy were classified into two groups depending on the surgical procedures: ab interno with Tanito microhook (TMH) and ab externo with rigid probe trabeculotome (LOT). The demographics, preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), number of medications (Med), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), surgical-induced astigmatism (SIA), and postoperative complications were analyzed at pre-operation, and 1 week and 1–6 months post-operation. Fifty-two eyes of 38 Japanese patients underwent TMH and 42 eyes of 32 patients underwent LOT. The decreases in IOP and Med from the baseline were significant at all time points in both groups (p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences between the two groups. BCVA improved significantly in TMH and LOT after the operation (p < 0.001). BCVA and SIA significantly improved, mostly at 1 week in TMH, compared with LOT (p = 0.02 and 0.003). Hyphema and IOP spike exceeding 30 mmHg (spike) occurred in 11% and 6% of participants in TMH, and 33% and 26% of participants in LOT, respectively. Hyphema and IOP spike occurred more frequently in the LOT than in the TMH group (p = 0.01 and 0.005). Ab interno trabeculotomy showed similar IOP-lowering effects as ab externo, but had less postoperative complications.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between autofluorescence (AF) signal measured with ultra-wide field imaging and visual functions in patients with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD). A retrospective chart review was performed for CORD patients. We performed the visual field test and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) measurement and visualized retinal structures with optical coherence tomography (OCT) on the same day. Using binarised FAF images, we identified a low FAF area ratio (LFAR: low FAF/30°). Relationships between age and logMAR visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), mean deviation (MD) value, and LFAR were investigated. Thirty-seven eyes of 21 CORD patients (8 men and 13 women) were enrolled. The mean patient age was 49.8 years. LogMAR VA and MD were 0.52 ± 0.47 and − 17.91 ± 10.59 dB, respectively. There was a significant relationship between logMAR VA and MD (p = 0.001). LogMAR VA significantly correlated with CRT (p = 0.006) but not with other parameters. Conversely, univariate analysis suggested a significant relationship between MD and LFAR (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, LFAR was significantly associated with MD (p = 0.002). In conclusion, it is useful to measure the low FAF area in patients with CORD. The AF measurement reflects the visual field deterioration but not VA in CORD.

This study aimed to compare blue-on-yellow (B/Y) perimetry with white-on-white (W/W) perimetry in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). The following measurements were performed in 29 eyes of 29 patients with resolved BRVO: W/W and B/Y perimetries using 10-2 test grid, retinal volume (RV) using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and vessel densities (VD) of the superficial capillary layer (VDs) and deep capillary layer (VDd) using OCT angiography (OCTA). First, the difference in the retinal sensitivity (RS) between BRVO-affected and unaffected areas was compared between RS_B/Y and RS_W/W in the parafoveal and extrafoveal areas. Moreover, the structure–function relationship between vessel density and RS was compared between B/Y and W/W perimetries (RS_B/Y and RS_W/W, respectively). The difference in RS between BRVO-affected and unaffected areas was significantly larger with RS_B/Y than with RS_W/W in both the parafoveal and extrafoveal areas. In the parafoveal area, VDs, VDd, and RV were significantly correlated with both RS_W/W and RS_B/Y. In contrast, in the extrafoveal area, only VDd was included in the optimal models. Our findings suggest that RS_B/Y more strongly reflects the anatomical structure and BRVO-affected area.