BackgroundSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) frequently results in several complications, including cerebral vasospasm, associated with high mortality. Although cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of brain damages after SAH, other factors such as inflammatory responses and oxidative stress also contribute to high mortality after SAH. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide in which two glucose units are linked by α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond, and has been shown to induce tolerance to a variety of stressors in numerous organisms. In the present study, we investigated the effect of trehalose on cerebral vasospasm, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress induced by blood in vitro and in vivo.MethodsEnzyme immunoassay for eicosanoids, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and endothelin-1, and western blotting analysis for cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and inhibitor of NF-κB were examined in macrophage-like cells treated with hemolysate. After treatment with hemolysate and hydrogen peroxide, the levels of lipid peroxide and amounts of arachidonic acid release were also analyzed. Three hours after the onset of experimental SAH, 18 Japanese White rabbits received an injection of saline, trehalose, or maltose into the cisterna magna. Angiographic and histological analyses of the basilar arteries were performed. In a separate study, the femoral arteries from 60 rats were exposed to fresh autologous blood. At 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 20 days after treatment, cryosections prepared from the femoral arteries were histologically analyzed.ResultsWhen cells were treated with hemolysate, trehalose inhibited the production of several inflammatory mediators and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB and also suppressed the lipid peroxidation, the reactive oxygen species-induced arachidonic acid release in vitro. In the rabbit model, trehalose produced an inhibitory effect on vasospasm after the onset of experimental SAH, while maltose had only a moderate effect. When the rat femoral arteries exposed to blood were investigated for 20 days, histological analysis revealed that trehalose suppressed vasospasm, inflammatory response, and lipid peroxidation.ConclusionsThese data suggest that trehalose has suppressive effects on several pathological events after SAH, including vasospasm, inflammatory responses, and lipid peroxidation. Trehalose may be a new therapeutic approach for treatment of complications after SAH.
ABSTRACT. Dogs receiving anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) were treated with either intravenous (IV) or intraarticular (IA) administration of hyaluronan (HA), and differences in appearance of chondrocyte apoptosis of the stifle joint were investigated. Chondrocyte apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry as well as by staining with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The percentage of apoptotic chondrocytes in dogs with ACLT was significantly higher than that in intact (non-ACLT) dogs. Dogs treated with IA or IV injection of HA after ACLT had fewer apoptotic chondrocytes than non-treated dogs after ACLT. It was suggested that ACLT-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes was suppressed by HA administration of either IA or IV. KEY WORDS: apoptosis, chondrocyte, hyaluronan.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68(8): 899-902, 2006 Osteoarthritis (OA) or degenerative joint disease is a disease of the joint in which the articular cartilage degenerates and the synovial membrane becomes inflamed. OA is estimated to affect as much as 20% of the canine population over 1 year of age [11], and the incidence is thought to increase with age. Since OA lesions are usually irreversible, the goal of treatment for OA is to alleviate discomfort, prevent or at least retard further degenerative changes, and restore affected joints to as close to normal function as possible while minimizing pain [22].Articular cartilages in human OA joints have more apoptotic chondrocytes than in normal joints, and apoptosis is considered to play an important role in the development of OA [10,13]. Articular cartilages in an experimental rabbit OA model induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) also showed more apoptotic chondrocytes than in normal rabbits [8]. It is known that ACLT is the model of acute phase in OA. In dogs, however, it is unclear whether or not the number of apoptotic chondrocytes increases by ACLT.Hyaluronan (HA) is a major natural component of synovial fluid and the cartilage extracellular matrix. An intraarticular (IA) injection of HA is reported to be clinically effective in alleviating articular pain and can slow the degeneration of articular cartilage [1,7]. The IA administration of HA is believed to compensate the deficient component of articular cartilage. However, recent studies have proven that HA also has some biochemical effects, such as inhibition of reactive oxygen production [6], coating of the pain receptors [18] and inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production [19]. From these findings, it is expected that the oral or intravenous (IV) administration of HA could also be effective as a treatment for OA. In fact, IV administration of HA improved the clinical signs of osteochondral fragmentation in horses [12]. In our preliminary research using sheep and dogs, IV administration of HA could suppress cartilage degeneration histopathologically (unpublished data).The purpose of the present study was twofold: to investigate the change in apoptotic chondrocytes in dogs with an acute phase in OA induced experiment...
The cases of 4 Pomeranians with injury of the triceps brachii tendon that underwent surgical treatment were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate some clinical findings including signalment, cause of injury, clinical signs, pattern of injury, surgical technique, external coaptation after operation, complications, and outcomes. While all of the dogs showed non-weight bearing posture of the affected limbs and severe pain shortly after injury onset, the pain level decreased over time. A characteristic finding of the 4 cases was an absence of tension in the triceps brachii tendon when the elbow joint was flexed. The pattern of triceps brachii tendon injury was either laceration of the central part of the tendon (n=1) or tendon rupture at its insertion to the olecranon (n=3). Although there were no major complications after surgery in 3 cases, the remaining case required a revision surgery. Long lateral splint was effective method for external coaptation after operation. Diagnosis of triceps brachii tendon injury was not difficult if we even recognize this trauma. This form of injury can have a good prognosis with adequate surgery and postoperative coaptation.
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