The Longwave Infrared Camera (LIR) is one of a suite of cameras onboard the Venus orbiter Akatsuki. It will take images of thermal radiation in the wavelength range of 8-12 µm emitted by the Venus cloud tops. The use of an uncooled micro-bolometer array as an infrared image sensor makes LIR a lightweight, small and lowpower consumption instrument with a required noise equivalent temperature difference of 0.3 K. Temperature and horizontal wind fields at the cloud-top will be retrieved for both dayside and nightside with equal quality. This will provide key observations to understand the mechanism of super rotation and the thermal budget of the planet. LIR will also monitor variations of the polar dipole and collar which are characteristic thermal features in the Venusian atmosphere. Mechanisms of the upper-cloud formation will be investigated using sequences of close-up images. The morphology of the nightside upper cloud will be studied in detail for the first time.
In this paper, we report on the investigation of (1) the transport properties of multi-carriers in semi-metal Bi and (2) the spin conversion physics in this semimetal system in a ferrimagnetic insulator, yttrium-iron-garnet. Hall measurements reveal that electrons and holes co-exist in the Bi, with electrons being the dominant carrier. The results of a spin conversion experiment corroborate the results of the Hall measurement; in addition, the inverse spin Hall effect governs the spin conversion in the semimetal/insulator system. This study provides further insights into spin conversion physics in semimetal systems.
3A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) generated between LaAlO 3 (LAO) and SrTiO 3 (STO) consists of itinerant d-orbital electrons in the t 2g orbitals of Ti in STO 1,2 . This anisotropic orbit induces ferromagnetism, superconductivity, and even their coexistence at LAO/STO interfaces [3][4][5][6][7][8] . The subbands of LAO/STO interfaces have a complicated structure and cross each other due to the strong orbital hybridization 9-12 , resulting in the enhancement of spin-orbit coupling and nonmonotonic gate tunability [13][14][15][16] . It is believed that long-rage spin transport in the 2DEGs at LAO/STO interfaces is difficult to achieve due to the Rashba were prepared by using a high-power sputtering process, resulting in the pseudo-Ohmic contact at the Py-LAO/STO interface. The pseudo-Ohmic contact allows injecting spins from the Py and also detecting spin transport signals in the detector electrode. We applied a microwave (f = 9.63 GHz) and a static magnetic field with angle ! ! to the +x-axis (see Fig. 1a) to the Py strip on the LAO layer in order to excite the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) of the Py. Under condition of the FMR, spin angular momentum is transferred from the Py to the 2DEG, resulting in the generation of pure spin current in the 2DEG 26,27 . The pure spin current in the 2DEG was detected by using the independent, separate NM (=Pt or Ta) strip deposited on the LAO layer. The propagating pure spin current is absorbed in the NM and converted to a charge current by the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) of the NM 28 , generating an electromotive force Information for details); the symmetric component is described in Fig. 2d.The ISHE has a characteristic symmetry in a relationship between the pure spin current direction ! ! , the charge current direction ! ! and the spin polarization vector !, i.e.where ! !"# is the spin Hall angle, ! is the electronic charge and ℏ is the Dirac constant 28 .The symmetry in equation (1) indicates that the polarity of the EMF is reversed when the direction of the external magnetic field, i.e., the direction of the spin polarization vector of the pure spin current is reversed. Figs. 2a-c and 2d-e show the FMR spectrum and EMF at ! ! = 0°, 90° and 180°, respectively. The ! ! dependence of the EMFs is consistent with the symmetry of the ISHE shown in equation (1): the polarities of electromotive forces at ! ! = 0° and 180°were reversed, and the signal at ! ! = 90° disappeared. These results strongly suggest that the observed EMFs under the FMR conditions can be ascribed to the ISHE in the Pt, i.e., the propagation of pure spin current in the 2DEG at RT. Deconvolutions of the EMFs were performed for ! ! = 0° and 180° and we used ( Table I. Notably, the sign of ! !"#$ obtained using a Ta electrode was opposite to that of Pt, which strongly supports the notion that long-range spin transport in the 2DEG indeed has been successfully achieved. It is important to note that the Py and Pt or Ta strips are only connected via the 2DEG at the LAO/STO interface, since the STO and t...
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