Pfizer for training investigators to administer the K-SADS child psychiatric diagnostic interview for a clinical trial, and from Otsuka Pharmaceuticals for consultation regarding the design of a paediatric post-traumatic stress disorder clinical trial, outside of the submitted work.

No abstract

The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was notable for a record-setting 30 named storms while, contemporaneously, the COVID-19 pandemic was circumnavigating the globe. The active spread of COVID-19 complicated disaster preparedness and response actions to safeguard coastal and island populations from hurricane hazards. Major hurricanes Eta and Iota, the most powerful storms of the 2020 Atlantic season, made November landfalls just two weeks apart, both coming ashore along the Miskito Coast in Nicaragua's North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. Eta and Iota bore the hallmarks of climate-driven storms, including rapid intensification, high peak wind speeds, and decelerating forward motion prior to landfall. Hurricane warning systems, combined with timely evacuation and sheltering procedures, minimized loss of life during hurricane impact. Yet these protective actions potentially elevated risks for COVID-19 transmission for citizens sharing congregate shelters during the storms and for survivors who were displaced post-impact due to severe damage to their homes and communities. International border closures and travel restrictions that were in force to slow the spread of COVID-19 diminished the scope, timeliness, and effectiveness of the humanitarian response for survivors of Eta and Iota. Taken together, the extreme impacts from hurricanes Eta and Iota, compounded by the ubiquitous threat of COVID-19 transmission, and the impediments to international humanitarian response associated with movement restrictions during the pandemic, acted to exacerbate harms to population health for the citizens of Nicaragua.

Colombia has been a global leader in its embrace and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In recent years, Colombia has advanced its peace initiatives with armed actors, leading to partial resolution of 52 years of armed insurgency. Exemplary progress has been made in the achievement of multiple SDG benchmarks. However, progress has been challenged (and potentially interrupted) by two intersecting developments. First, Colombia has been on the receiving end of a massive influx of Venezuelan mixed migrants who are fleeing the collapse of democratic governance and economic catastrophe leading to poverty, hunger, and disruption of health services. Colombia has been the major receptor nation for the Venezuelan emigration with more than 2 million migrants dwelling in Colombia in 2020. Second, the COVID-19 pandemic is surging throughout Latin America, with the World Health Organization declaring Latin America as the epicenter of the global outbreak in May 2020, bringing life to standstill due to the strict mitigation measures in place. These synchronous shocksmass migration and pandemic-are challenging Colombia's progress toward SDG benchmarks and threatening to create a decisive tipping point that may derail the country's stellar progress to date.