Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of death in women in developing countries such as India. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is the most effective and successful screening to identify cervical non-neoplastic lesions as well as lesions with significant epithelial cell abnormalities. Aim: To evaluate the use of Pap smear for detecting premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix and their incidence with respect to age, parity, age at marriage, and contraception in order to prevent mortality from cervical cancer. Materials and methods: This is a prospective study conducted from October 2021 to June 2022. In this study, Pap smears were collected from 620 women and processed by routine Pap staining techniques and reported on the basis of the revised Bethesda system (2014). Results: In our study, out of 620 smears, 27 smears were inadequate. Maximum smears were found in the age range of 41-50 years, in multiparous women who married at age of 22-27 years, and the ones who did not use any contraception. Inflammatory smears formed the majority with 365 (58.89%) smears. Other following epithelial cell abnormalities were also found: Premalignant lesions such as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (1.9%), atypical squamous cells, HSIL cannot be excluded (ASCH) (0.6%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (1.3%), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (0.59%), and malignant lesions such as cervical squamous cell cancer (0.33%) and atypical glandular cells (AGC) (0.09%). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the incidence of cervical carcinoma can be greatly reduced by using Pap smear examination extensively as it helps not only to analyze the spectrum of cervical lesions but also helps in the early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix, thereby reducing the mortality in such patients.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney is a rare malignancy, usually not suspected clinically because of the lack of any pathognomic sign and ambiguous clinical and radiological features, and thus, patients present at advanced stages resulting in poor prognosis. We report here four cases of incidentally diagnosed primary renal squamous cell carcinoma that were treated at our hospital. The mean age of the patients (two females and one male aged above 60 years, except one male whose age was 25 years) was 60 years. Both the males and one of the females had a history of multiple renal calculi, and the other female had staghorn calculus. Interestingly, renal carcinoma was not suspected clinically in all these patients. In one case, a computerized tomography scan (CT scan) showed suspicious mass. All underwent nephrectomy for the non-functioning kidney. In only two cases, tumor was identified on gross examination, whereas the other two only showed a distorted pelvis. Our case series emphasizes the need for pelvicalyceal biopsy during diagnosis and treatment for long-standing nephrolithiasis and thorough sampling of nephrectomy specimens of such patients to rule out malignancy.
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