Objective: This study examines the impact of a short-term exercise programme, prescribed on the basis of current exercise recommendations, on energy balance in males and females to assess whether this type of exercise induces compensatory changes in spontaneous activity energy expenditure (SAEE) and energy intake (EI). Design: Individuals were monitored for 16 days, 8 days of habitual physical activity (C) and 8 days when exercise was imposed (E). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated from individual relationships of V O 2 and V CO 2 to heart rate (HR) records of HR and physical activity obtained during waking hours of the C and E periods and basal metabolic rate (BMR) measurements (Deltatrac System, Datex Instrumentation). Changes in nude body mass (BM) were estimated by using a digital scale (Sartorius AG, Gottigen, Germany). Setting: Laboratory and free-living. Subjects: Eight lean females (body fat: 17.574.5%) and eight males of similar percentage body fat participated in this study. All subjects were Caucasian and aged between 20 and 25 years. Intervention: During the E period, a supervised exercise session was conducted every second day, each consisting of a total net energy expenditure of 2092 kJ þ BMR at 90% lactate threshold. Results: During the E period, TEE was higher than C in males and females (exercise: 95.2713.9, 78.3715.9 MJ; control: 82.4710.4, 68.8716.7 MJ, respectively; Po0.00; P ¼ 0.02). SAEE, calculated as TEE minus the energy expended during exercise, was not significantly different between C (males: 82.474.8 MJ; females: 68.877.6 MJ) and E (males: 86.876.3 MJ; females: 70.077.2 MJ) periods in either gender. Males showed no change in BM over the C (pre-intervention: 83.477.2 kg; post-intervention: 83.176.8 kg) or E (pre-intervention: 83.476.8 kg; post-intervention: 83.476.8 kg) periods. Females' BM over the C period did not alter (pre-intervention: 63.372.8 kg; post-intervention 63.773.1 kg); however, there was a significant decrease (Po0.00) in BM over the E period (pre-intervention: 63.072.7 kg; post-intervention: 62.472.7 kg). Conclusion: The exercise programme was achieved in males and females without any impact on SAEE. Therefore, differences between genders in relation to BM reduction can be explained by differences in the EI response to exercise.
There was a strong inverse relationship between length of service in the Australian Imperial Force and mortality risk from pneumonia-influenza during the fall-winter of 1918-1919. The protective effect of increased service likely reflected increased acquired immunity to influenza viruses and endemic bacterial strains that caused secondary pneumonia and most of the deaths during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic.
The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the military has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and may have adverse consequences for the military: a worsening prevalence of obesity in young civilian adults could hinder the recruitment and maintenance of military manpower. This review explores the impact of obesity on suitability for employment in defence force careers and any potential impact on long-term occupational health. Studies containing data on obesity and the military were identified from an electronic database. Thirty-eight papers were identified and 17 were included in this review. There is a limited body of evidence available to ascertain whether or not obese individuals are suitable for employment in the military. There are a number of key issues that need to be addressed before a definitive conclusion can be drawn. These include the future health of obese personnel recruited into the military and subsequent implications for health services, costs to the organization and military readiness, and the ability of an obese person to be an active member of the military workforce. Future research should be targeted towards these areas in order to determine the implications of obesity for recruitment and retention of defence force personnel.
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