This paper investigates dierent reserve issues inspired by the European situation, focusing on both the moment when reserves are procured and the degree of coordination among Transmission System Operators (TSOs) in that procurement. We present three scheduling models formulated as stochastic programs that represent the day-ahead energy market, the reserve procurement, and the real-time balancing market in a renewable-dominated power system. Two of the proposed models are inspired by reserve procurement mechanisms currently applied in Europe, where reserves are committed either before (Model 1) or after (Model 2) the clearing of the day-ahead energy market. Then, we use as benchmark a third model in which energy and reserve capacity are co-optimized (Model 3). In all models, we consider the procurement of both conventional and upward/downward reserves. We also assess the impact of these organizations on market participants' remuneration and test the impact of cross-border constraints as those applying in the European power system. The case study is based on the IEEE 24-node RTS, considering the uncertainty in renewable power production and demand. Our results show that Model 1 is the least ecient market design as it leads to a misallocation of the available capacity, while Model 2 becomes as ecient as Model 3 when the TSOs procure reserve in a coordinated way. Finally, a coordinated procurement of reserves reduces the system operating costs in all models.
The incorporation of renewable energy sources in isolated power systems is being significantly slower than in well-connected power systems. The intermittency and uncertainty of the power output of most renewable power technologies prevent a greater usage of these technologies in isolated power systems, in which the supply security is the major concern. In this paper we formulate a stochastic unit commitment problem that allows the participation of electric vehicles in energy, reserve capacity and primary frequency response markets in order to increase the flexibility of the power system operation. We explicitly consider the uncertainty in the power demand and renewable power availability, as well as accounting for the possibilities of contingencies of generating units using a N-1 security criterion. The proposed formulation is tested on an actual isolated power system comprising 38 generating units and 8 buses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.