The main focus of this thesis is an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of subsidies paid by electricity consumers to support the uptake of household photovoltaic (PV) in Australia, modelled over the period 2006 to 2014. This modelling is a component of a larger 20 year model, of small and large-scale renewable energy, developed to enable sensitivity analyses and policy scenarios to be undertaken of the effectiveness of renewable energy subsidies. In Australia subsidies are funded mostly by electricity consumers although there are some state and Commonwealth grants. Costs and revenues have been determined for each type of renewable energy over the period from 2000 to 2020 and converted to payback periods. For household PV, annual payback periods are regressed against the uptake of PV over the years 2006 to 2014 with sensitivity analyses run on input variables. The extent to which renewable energy has replaced coal and gas-fired energy is assessed to estimate the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The relationship of subsidies to emission reductions appears to be the first analysis of this kind in Australia.Household PV sensitivity analysis revealed that the declining cost of PV panels had most impact on PV uptake followed by feed-in tariffs (FITs), renewable energy credits and increasing household electricity tariffs. Modelling suggests that FITs were higher than necessary to achieve the resultant levels of household PV uptake and that the low cost of PV panels and comparatively high electricity tariffs are likely to result in a continuing strong uptake of household PV in Australia.Household PV subsidies peaked in 2011 and 2012, with payback periods falling to three to four years, having since increased to five to six years. Emission reduction costs are expected to reduce Modelling suggested that in 2014 retail electricity prices would have been 12 % lower without subsidy payments and a further 14 % lower if network costs had increased at the same rate as other electricity cost components. The latter highlights the substantial increase in network charges which were argued were necessary "to keep the lights on", which assisted in reducing emissions through reduced electricity consumption.The model was extended to analyse the responsiveness of consumers to increasingly higher electricity prices, producing a price elasticity of demand for electricity in Australia over the period FY 2008 to FY 2015 of -0.4, being in line with other research. This means that consumer subsidies not only stimulated renewable energy output but, through higher retail electricity prices have also contributed towards emission reductions through reducing electricity consumption.The analysis was extended to include the economics of battery storage associated with household PV, considered appropriate because of the decline in battery costs, and the forthcoming termination of high FITs. Together they are expected to make battery storage a viable option for many households in Australia in the near future. Battery payback periods ar...