This study tested the effectiveness of COI barcodes for the discrimination of anuran species from the Amazon basin and other Neotropical regions. Barcodes were determined for a total of 59 species, with a further 58 species being included from GenBank. In most cases, distinguishing species using the barcodes was straightforward. Each species had a distinct COI barcode or codes, with intraspecific distances ranging from 0% to 9.9%. However, relatively high intraspecific divergence (11.4-19.4%) was observed in some species, such as Ranitomeya ventrimaculata, Craugastor fitzingeri, Hypsiboas leptolineatus, Scinax fuscomarginatus and Leptodactylus knudseni, which may reflect errors of identification or the presence of a species complex. Intraspecific distances recorded in species for which samples were obtained from GenBank (Engystomops pustulosus, Atelopus varius, Craugastor podiciferus, and Dendropsophus labialis) were greater than those between many pairs of species. Interspecific distances ranged between 11-39%. Overall, the clear differences observed between most intra-and inter-specific distances indicate that the COI barcode is an effective tool for the identification of Neotropical species in most of the cases analyzed in the present study.
In the red list of threatened species of Pará State, in Brazil, the salamander Bolitoglossa paraensis was listed as vulnerable. Initially the species was considered a synonym with Bolitoglossa altamazonica, but was recently revalidated. This note discusses the validity of the specimens from the west of the Brazilian Amazon identified as B. paraensis. It is also discussed the categorization of the species as vulnerable, and the records of the species was mapped in the Endemism area Belém. In order to establish a Private Natural Reserve (RPPN), a herpetological survey was carried out in different landscape units of the Nova Amafrutas, in Benevides (Pará), and the records of B. paraensis were mapped in these landscape units. By comparing the abundances recorded by Crump (1971) and those results of the present study, suggested that this species is tolerant to antropic “capoeira” forest (old fallows) next to undisturbed forest. More molecular phylogeographic studies are needed in order to establish a stable the taxonomy status for B. paraensis, and also the definition of its real endemic status in the Center of Endemism of Belém.
A zooplankton checklist is presented for the Middle Xingu River, based on surveys conducted at four sites in the main channel and two fluvial lakes. A total of 175 taxa are listed, including 141 rotifers, 20 cladocerans, and five copepods. Rapids presented the greatest species richness, with up to 124 taxa, while Ilha Grande lake had 70 taxa, the lowest number. Non-planktonic benthic larvae were recorded frequently in the samples.Keywords: clear water rivers, zooplankton, fluvial habitats, limnology. Diversidade zooplanctônica do médio Rio Xingu -bacia amazônica ResumoLevantamentos realizados em dois lagos e no canal principal do médio Xingu objetivaram a listar a diversidade do zooplâncton. De um total de 175 táxons, 141 foram rotíferos, 20 cladóceros e 5 copépodes. As corredeiras foram os ambientes mais diversos com 124 táxons, enquanto que no Lago da Ilha Grande se registraram somente setenta táxons. Destaca-se a ocorrência de grupos de hábito não planctônico na coluna d'água do rio que indica o efeito perturbador da correnteza.Palavras-chave: águas claras amazônicas, zooplâncton, ambientes fluviais, limnologia.
resumo -O bivalve Anomalocardia flexuosa, chamado popularmente por marisco, possui grande importância sócio-econômica no litoral da Paraíba por ser fonte de sustento e renda para as populações locais. Este estudo objetivou a estudar alguns parâmetros biométricos da espécie com a finalidade de gerar subsídios para seu manejo sustentável na região. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de A. flexuosa em seis bancos de sedimento no estuário do rio Paraíba. Os resultados mostraram que cerca de 10 -12% do peso corporal total corresponde à massa muscular aproveitável para consumo humano. A frota de marisqueiros que pescam A. flexuosa vem capturando exemplares juvenis que não alcançaram sua idade reprodutiva e por tanto pode estar ocorrendo um processo de sobre-exploração por crescimento. abstract -The bivalve Anomalocardia flexuosa, known as mollusk, is an important socio-economic resource in the coastal area of Paraiba estuary as source of livelihood and income for the local populations. Thereby, this study aimed to evaluate some species' biometric parameters in order to generate aids for sustainable management in the estuary. Every month samples of A. flexuosa were collected from six sediment banks on the Paraiba estuary. The results showed that nearly12% of the total body weight corresponds to muscle mass, usable for human consumption.The local fleet has been catching juvenile individuals that have not reached their reproductive age and therefore may be promoting a process of over exploitation by growth. PaLavras Keywords:BivAlves; AnomAlocArdiA flexuosA; northeAst PArAíBA river; fishing northeAstern BrAzil coAst. Parametros biometricos deAnomAlocArdiA flexuosA (Linnaeus 1967) bivaLvia-veneridae en eL estuário deL rio Paraíba resumen -El bivalvo Anomalocardia flexuosa llamado popularmente por marisco tiene una gran importancia socioeconómica en la costa dela Paraíba por ser fuente de sustento e ingresos para la población local. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo estudiar algunos parámetros biométricos de la especie con el fin de generar subsidios para sugestión sostenible en la región. Fueron realizadas recolecciones mensuales de A. flexuosa en seis bancos de sedimentos en el estuario del río Paraíba. Los resultados mostraron que prácticamente el 12% del peso corporal total corresponde a masa muscular utilizable para el
Boana, the third largest genus of Hylinae, has cryptic morphological species. The potential applicability of b-fibrinogen intron 7 – FGBI7 is explored to propose a robust phylogeny of Boana. The phylogenetic potential of FGBI7 was evaluated using maximum parsimony, MrBayes, and maximum likelihood analysis. Comparison of polymorphic sites and topologies obtained with concatenated analysis of FGBI7 and other nuclear genes (CXCR4, CXCR4, RHO, SIAH1, TYR, and 28S) allowed evaluation of the phylogenetic signal of FGBI7. Mean evolutionary rates were calculated using the sequences of the mitochondrial genes ND1 and CYTB available for Boana in GenBank. Dating of Boana and some of its groups was performed using the RelTime method with secondary calibration. FGBI7 analysis revealed high values at informative sites for parsimony. The absolute values of the mean evolutionary rate were higher for mitochondrial genes than for FGBI7. Dating of congruent Boana groups for ND1, CYTB, and FGBI7 revealed closer values between mitochondrial genes and slightly different values from those of FGBI7. Divergence times of basal groups tended to be overestimated when mtDNA was used and were more accurate when nDNA was used. Although there is evidence of phylogenetic potential arising from concatenation of specific genes, FGBI7 provides well-resolved independent gene trees. These results lead to a paradigm for linking data in phylogenomics that focuses on the uniqueness of species histories and ignores the multiplicities of individual gene histories.
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