Tragedy as Philosophy in the Reformation World examines how a series of influential poets, theologians, and humanist critics turned to tragedy to understand providence and agencies human and divine across diverse Reformation milieux. Rejecting familiar assumptions about tragedy, crucial figures like Philipp Melanchthon, David Pareus, Lodovico Castelvetro, John Rainolds, and Daniel Heinsius developed distinctly philosophical ideas of tragedy, irreducible to drama or performance, inextricable from rhetoric, dialectic, and metaphysics. In its proximity to philosophy, tragedy afforded careful readers crucial insight into causality, probability, necessity, and the terms of human affect and action. With these resources at hand, Reformed theologians, poets, and critics produced daring and influential theses on tragedy between the 1550s and the 1630s, all directly related to pressing Reformation debates. And while some poets employed tragedy to render sacred history palpable with new energy and urgency, others marshalled a precise philosophical notion of tragedy directly against spectacle and stage-playing, endorsing anti-theatrical theses on tragedy inflected by Aristotle’s Poetics. Uncovering a tradition of Reformation poetics in which tragedy often opposes performance, the work also explores the impact of these scholarly debates on more familiar works of vernacular tragedy, illustrating how William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and John Milton’s 1671 poems take shape in conversation with philosophical and philological investigations of tragedy. Tragedy as Philosophy in the Reformation World demonstrates how Reformation took shape in poetic as well as theological and political terms while simultaneously exposing the importance of tragedy to the history of philosophy.
As Fulke Greville examines Suleiman the Magnificent’s 1552 execution of his son Mustapha in his tragedy Mustapha, so too does the Ottoman episode figure prominently in Jean Bodin’s most important political works, exposing the fraught relationship between nature and sovereignty. This chapter examines Bodin’s treatment of the Mustapha episode, illustrating how he uses the event to subtly expose the paradoxes at work in sovereignty before demonstrating the relevance of these discoveries to Greville’s own work. Greville, moreover, seizes upon tragedy’s capacity to express these paradoxes, to dramatize in vivid detail the insoluble problem at the heart of Bodin’s theses on nature and sovereignty. Mustapha does not ground any one politics but rather reveals the aporetic foundation of any sovereign power in nature—that is to say, of every sovereign power—as well as the confusing and often conflicting character of political life.
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