The article deals with the issue of developing the secondary (Englishspeaking) language personality of English-major Ukrainian university students who have chosen the professions of teachers of English, translators, and interpreters. Only the development of such a personality, consisting of the language, communicative, and cultural constituents, can provide for learners' achievement of the native-like proficiency in all aspects of communication in English, that proficiency being the goal of learning English for English-major students. The paper analyzes the essence of the notion "secondary language personality," the constituent parts of that personality, and the components of its leading, cultural, constituent that includes communicative etiquettes and communicative behavioral patterns different for different (national) speech communities. The characteristics of communicative etiquettes and communicative behavioral patterns are also analyzed in
The article provides the analysis of populism in its political and economic dimensions. The authors consider the problems of the authoritarian revenge in the modern world arguing that it is the consequence of democracy`s inability to solve urgent social and economic problems. Millions of people in post-Soviet countries are disappointed with the reality of the democratic society and market economy that causes the rise of populism. There are various approaches to studying populism. Among them we can distinguish ideological, logical, behavioural and instrumental interpretations of populism.
The article examines the main consequences of poverty for individual citizens and society as a whole. Among the consequences of poverty for individuals, physiological, psychological and communicative effects are distinguished. The physiological consequences of poverty are the unavailability of quality food, as well as quality medical, hygiene, and health services, which reduces both life expectancy and health in general. Psychological problems include stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, which can lead to suicidal tendencies. The communicative consequences mean that a poor person often loses social ties, and his or her circle of communication becomes quite limited. Poverty also affects society as a whole. Among the purely economic consequences, we singled out the Vicious Cycle of Poverty, to which many Western studies are devoted. Also, impoverished societies in general cannot afford goods and services that are not related to survival. Therefore, there is a low demand for various categories of services, in particular, educational ones. Poverty is one of the factors of labor migration, which is illustrated by the example of Ukraine. In the conditions of a transitional and a market economy in post-Soviet states, the desire to withstand competition on the world market under the conditions of high energy and material intensity of production has been reflected in the preservation of low labour costs. Low wages, in turn, are a direct factor in the formation of social and economic risks in the field of human development. Poverty is also associated with the phenomenon of social exclusion, which we consider as the process of excluding an individual or a social group from social relations. A special class of precariat is being formed. The precariat is capable of self-organization under certain conditions. This group of people is associated with the spread of shadow employment and other forms of violation of the law. Political problems caused by poverty are also important. Poor citizens in the vast majority of countries (at least in all democracies) have the right to vote. Accordingly, they often support populist movements. Poverty and unemployment lead people to support far-left and far-right parties. Far-right movements often have an anti-immigrant focus. Sometimes poverty, social exclusion, social deprivation and other related socio-economic factors lead to revolutions and coups. In our opinion, relative poverty is unavoidable in principle, since in any society there will always be more and less wealthy citizens. But absolute poverty, which puts a person on the edge of normal existence, can and must be overcome. According to this, most countries of the world, including Ukraine, declare themselves welfare states. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and the pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of poverty, which can be traced in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, are analyzed.
The article attempts to generalize some features of the study of poverty in the modern world. The use of various indicators that demonstrate the level of poverty has been shown. It has been explained that GDP per capita is one of the most accurate ways of assessing the economic development of the state. It has been demonstrated that all the poorest countries are located on the African continent. Almost all of them used to be colonies of European empires, and now they face political instability, civil wars, natural disasters, etc. These problems have been considered on the examples of Niger and Egypt. Another indicator of poverty is the percentage of people living below the poverty line. The difficulty of using this indicator is that national poverty lines in different countries can differ significantly. According to this indicator, 8 African and 2 Latin American countries (Guatemala and Haiti) are in the top ten. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) has been considered, according to which African countries and Syria are among the top ten starving countries. It should be noted that for some countries there is very little data on the number and share of the hungry. When studying the situation in some countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Somalia, etc.), it should be borne in mind that the governments of these countries do not always publish real official statistics, and those data that get into the mass media are not always true. It has been proven that the Human Development Index (HDI) is an integrated indicator that can be used to study the problem of poverty. It has been shown that 10 countries with the lowest HDI are located in Africa. Their place in this ranking is influenced not only by material factors, but also by the average life expectancy and education. Africa is still a continent with a large number of illiterate people. The Corruption Perceptions Index is also important for the study of poverty, because corruption slows down reforms and harms transparent market relations. Therefore, it becomes one of the factors of poverty. Using the statistics provided by Transparency International, we have found out that the most corrupt countries are more evenly distributed around the globe, among them are not only African ones, but also Asian and Latin American states. It can be summarized that the nature of poverty is different in the developed and developing countries. In the developing countries, natural conditions, peculiarities of the organization of socioeconomic life, the political system and even the personality of political leaders are important. In the developed countries, poverty is mostly a consequence of individual psychological characteristics, behaviour, specific life circumstances, etc. In these countries, poverty can be easily overcome.
Статтю присвячено аксіологічній кризі як одному з чинників розвитку політичної системи суспільства. Виокремлено міжгенераційні та культурно-цивілізаційні аксіологічні кризи. Показано, що протиріччя між цінностями виживання та самореалізації часто призводять до політичної кризи. Доведено, що Арабська весна являла собою наслідок глибокої міжгенераційної кризи. Підкреслюються небезпечні наслідки культурно-цивілізаційної кризи в умовах глобалізації. Досліджено причинно-наслідкові зв’язки між нелегальною міграцією, екстремізмом та аксіологічними кризами. Особливу увагу приділено трансформаційному потенціалу вищої освіти в умовах аксіологічної кризи. Наголошено на необхідності реформування системи вищої школи в Україні з метою недопущення розвитку деструктивних кризових процесів в аксіологічній сфері. Проаналізовано світовий досвід розв’язання такого роду проблем і перспективи його ефективного застосування на українських теренах.
Статтю присвячено політичному протесту як одному з чинників розвитку політичної системи суспільства. Метою статті є розкрити можливості використання теорії відносної депривації у дослідженні політичного протесту. В даній статті ми спробуємо використати соціологічний та психологічний інструментарій для пояснення політичних проблем.Розглянуто можливості методологічного синтезу при дослідженні протестних рухів, зокрема, теорії депривації. Наголошено на психологічній природі феномена депривації. Розглянуто відмінності між абсолютною та відносною депривацією, а також продемонстровано на конкретних прикладах вплив цього явища на мобілізацію учасників протестних рухів. Прийнято за основу класифікацію, яка включає спадаючу, спрямовану та прогресивну відносну депривацію.Наведено приклади антисистемних партій та рухів, які змінили розстановку сил в Європі. До таких, зокрема, віднесено «Лігу Півночі» (Італія), «Пегіду» (ФРН), «Рух п’яти зірок» (Італія), «Національний фронт» (Франція), «Атаку» (Болгарія) та інші об’єднання, які дедалі більше впливають на європейський політичний процес. Визначено, що характерними рисами такого роду партій є популізм та нативізм. Протести проти Д. Трампа у США віднесено до проявів відносної депривації широких кіл громадськості, які відчувають загрозу своїм правам та свободам.
The article attempts to generalize some interpretations of the poverty phenomenon in Economics. We take into consideration the fact that the problem of poverty has not only economic but also political, social, legal, cultural and other dimensions. In modern science, there is a pluralism of approaches to the definition, classification and measurement of poverty, that depend on the country, time frame and the researcher’s own opinion. Many publications of Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Danish, Chilean and other researchers have been used in this article. We have tried to apply the results of their researches to Ukrainian reality. Modern authors consider many dimensions of poverty. It can be explained as the financial, socioeconomic, moral and psychological state of a person, family or the whole population of a country or a region. Poverty is also considered as the inability of a certain section of society to participate in fullfledged social and economic life. Economic, financial, material, social, psychological and other factors of poverty have been considered. Positive correlation between physical abilities and disabilities and poverty has been shown. Some features of the worldview and behavior of the poor are described. Active, passive and parasitic poverty have been distinguished. People who suffer from active poverty usually rely on their own resources. Due to social mobility, some of these people are sometimes able to raise themselves above the category of the poor. Passive poverty means the lack of resources due to the circumstances that are beyond people’s control. Parasitic poverty is tightly connected with the use of other people’s resources and is characterized by deviant behaviour, which is generally condemned by society and punished by the state. The main indicators of poverty are given. Absolute and relative poverty are considered. Relative poverty cannot be eliminated, since even in the richest countries there are people who cannot afford the benefits available to others. It has been shown that poverty is hereditary, and the children of poor parents are more likely to become poor in the future. Families with many children are often poor, so they cannot afford good education for their children. Therefore, young people without good education remain poor. It has been underlined that poverty is associated with social exclusion and deprivation. Poor citizens do not have the opportunity to organize themselves, as well as to maintain social ties and defend their interests. The interpretations of poverty given by Ukrainian scientists have been considered. In particular, the authors analyze poverty as a consequence of the de-industrialization in independent Ukraine. Special attention has been paid to the following trend: the smaller a town or a village, the higher the level of poverty.
The article is devoted to the main challenges faced by modern tourism. The importance of tourism in the context of economic growth in modern conditions has been explained. Economic and sociological approaches, which reflect the main spectrum of modern challenges for the tourism industry, have been highlighted. The usefulness of the economic approach for studying the role of tourism and its contribution to the country’s economy and economic development has been proven. The possibility of using a sociological approach to study the structure, functioning and development of tourism as a social phenomenon in its connection with social, political, economic and cultural dimensions of society has been demonstrated. The author’s classification of factors (as well as challenges) that affect the tourism business has been presented. Two groups of factors have been distinguished: 1) natural and man-made; 2) socioeconomic and political. Natural factors, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, pandemics make tourism dangerous. Man-made factors include incidents, disasters, accidents in industry, crowded places, transport accidents, etc. A list of examples of transport accidents in which a large number of tourists were injured and died has been given. Socio-economic and political factors include the actions or inaction of people, individual groups, enterprises, states, international organizations, etc. Thus, the bankruptcy of a tourist or other company prevents the fulfillment of obligations to tourists. A workers’ strike often affects people who are not directly related to it and are indirectly involved in the conflict. Thus, air transport workers strike lead to flight delays and cancellations, that influences tourism business. Political processes can also cause problems to tourism business. It has been emphasized that poverty, social instability, unpopular decisions of the government or local authorities often lead to riots. At the same time, we have noted that tourists may suffer during these disturbances due to a number of certain reasons. Political crises, revolutions and coups d’état change the political landscape of a country, its legal norms, conditions for crossing the border, etc. Examples of Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and other countries that experienced coups or mass protests have been given. Particular attention has been paid to terrorism as a hazard factor. Examples of terrorist acts directed against tourists have been given. The destructive influence of hostilities on tourism has been proven, but it has been shown that tourists can be attracted to places associated with war. Special attention has been paid to the problem of recognition of states.
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