The article deals with the issue of developing the secondary (Englishspeaking) language personality of English-major Ukrainian university students who have chosen the professions of teachers of English, translators, and interpreters. Only the development of such a personality, consisting of the language, communicative, and cultural constituents, can provide for learners' achievement of the native-like proficiency in all aspects of communication in English, that proficiency being the goal of learning English for English-major students. The paper analyzes the essence of the notion "secondary language personality," the constituent parts of that personality, and the components of its leading, cultural, constituent that includes communicative etiquettes and communicative behavioral patterns different for different (national) speech communities. The characteristics of communicative etiquettes and communicative behavioral patterns are also analyzed in
The article attempts to generalize some features of the study of poverty in the modern world. The use of various indicators that demonstrate the level of poverty has been shown. It has been explained that GDP per capita is one of the most accurate ways of assessing the economic development of the state. It has been demonstrated that all the poorest countries are located on the African continent. Almost all of them used to be colonies of European empires, and now they face political instability, civil wars, natural disasters, etc. These problems have been considered on the examples of Niger and Egypt. Another indicator of poverty is the percentage of people living below the poverty line. The difficulty of using this indicator is that national poverty lines in different countries can differ significantly. According to this indicator, 8 African and 2 Latin American countries (Guatemala and Haiti) are in the top ten. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) has been considered, according to which African countries and Syria are among the top ten starving countries. It should be noted that for some countries there is very little data on the number and share of the hungry. When studying the situation in some countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Somalia, etc.), it should be borne in mind that the governments of these countries do not always publish real official statistics, and those data that get into the mass media are not always true. It has been proven that the Human Development Index (HDI) is an integrated indicator that can be used to study the problem of poverty. It has been shown that 10 countries with the lowest HDI are located in Africa. Their place in this ranking is influenced not only by material factors, but also by the average life expectancy and education. Africa is still a continent with a large number of illiterate people. The Corruption Perceptions Index is also important for the study of poverty, because corruption slows down reforms and harms transparent market relations. Therefore, it becomes one of the factors of poverty. Using the statistics provided by Transparency International, we have found out that the most corrupt countries are more evenly distributed around the globe, among them are not only African ones, but also Asian and Latin American states. It can be summarized that the nature of poverty is different in the developed and developing countries. In the developing countries, natural conditions, peculiarities of the organization of socioeconomic life, the political system and even the personality of political leaders are important. In the developed countries, poverty is mostly a consequence of individual psychological characteristics, behaviour, specific life circumstances, etc. In these countries, poverty can be easily overcome.
The article provides the analysis of populism in its political and economic dimensions. The authors consider the problems of the authoritarian revenge in the modern world arguing that it is the consequence of democracy`s inability to solve urgent social and economic problems. Millions of people in post-Soviet countries are disappointed with the reality of the democratic society and market economy that causes the rise of populism. There are various approaches to studying populism. Among them we can distinguish ideological, logical, behavioural and instrumental interpretations of populism.
The article examines the main consequences of poverty for individual citizens and society as a whole. Among the consequences of poverty for individuals, physiological, psychological and communicative effects are distinguished. The physiological consequences of poverty are the unavailability of quality food, as well as quality medical, hygiene, and health services, which reduces both life expectancy and health in general. Psychological problems include stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, which can lead to suicidal tendencies. The communicative consequences mean that a poor person often loses social ties, and his or her circle of communication becomes quite limited. Poverty also affects society as a whole. Among the purely economic consequences, we singled out the Vicious Cycle of Poverty, to which many Western studies are devoted. Also, impoverished societies in general cannot afford goods and services that are not related to survival. Therefore, there is a low demand for various categories of services, in particular, educational ones. Poverty is one of the factors of labor migration, which is illustrated by the example of Ukraine. In the conditions of a transitional and a market economy in post-Soviet states, the desire to withstand competition on the world market under the conditions of high energy and material intensity of production has been reflected in the preservation of low labour costs. Low wages, in turn, are a direct factor in the formation of social and economic risks in the field of human development. Poverty is also associated with the phenomenon of social exclusion, which we consider as the process of excluding an individual or a social group from social relations. A special class of precariat is being formed. The precariat is capable of self-organization under certain conditions. This group of people is associated with the spread of shadow employment and other forms of violation of the law. Political problems caused by poverty are also important. Poor citizens in the vast majority of countries (at least in all democracies) have the right to vote. Accordingly, they often support populist movements. Poverty and unemployment lead people to support far-left and far-right parties. Far-right movements often have an anti-immigrant focus. Sometimes poverty, social exclusion, social deprivation and other related socio-economic factors lead to revolutions and coups. In our opinion, relative poverty is unavoidable in principle, since in any society there will always be more and less wealthy citizens. But absolute poverty, which puts a person on the edge of normal existence, can and must be overcome. According to this, most countries of the world, including Ukraine, declare themselves welfare states. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and the pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of poverty, which can be traced in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, are analyzed.
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