Background: In urinary tract infections, an important role is played by bacterial biofilms which are responsible for persistence infections together with the antimicrobial resistance. Higher resistance can be seen in biofilm forming uropathogens in comparison with free-floating bacteria. So, the present study was performed with a goal to find the prevalence of biofilm formation and also the antimicrobial resistant pattern of uropathogens.Methods: A descriptive method was conducted at Modern Technical College, Sanepa, Lalitpur in samples isolated from UTI suspected patients. The overall duration of this study was approximately 3 months. Total of 50 isolated E. coli was tested for biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar as per CLSI guidelines.Results: From the 50 isolates of E. coli, 32 were biofilm producers (3 strong and 29 moderate) and 18 were weak/non-biofilm producers. Among the biofilm producers, cefotaxime was more resistant in 20 of the isolates followed by ceftriaxone in 16 and amoxyclav in 13, whereas amikacin was least resistant in 2 of the isolates.Conclusions: Among the isolated E. coli, biofilm-forming isolates showed higher antimicrobial resistance as compared to the non-biofilm producer. Thus, uropathogen should be routinely screened for biofilm formation.
Among pregnant women worldwide, 7-15% develops pre-eclampsia; approximately 1-2% will develop eclampsia. The Nepal Maternal Mortality and Morbidity study 2008/2009 revealed that 21% maternal death was due to eclampsia, which was increased from 14% in 1998. 2,3 Uric acid is an end product of purine metabolism. Studies have shown that uric acid can be considered as a pathogenic factor in Preeclampsia. Hyperuricemia prevailing in pre-eclampsia has been attributed to either a ABSTRACT Background: Hypertension is one of the common disorders during pregnancy and can cause severe health complications for both mother and developing fetus. Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a form of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. This study was aimed to estimate serum uric acid and homocysteine level as a potential biomarker for prediction of preeclampsia. Methods: 85 pre-eclamptic pregnant women and 50 normotensive pregnant women were recruited from department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Star Hospital after obtaining the informed written consent. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum homocysteine and serum uric acid level. Results: Serum uric acid and homocysteine levels were found to be significantly higher in pre-eclamptic cases than in controls (6.5±0.7 mg/dl and 13.5±5.4 µmol/l in cases versus 4.3±0.8 mg/dl and 10.1±4.6 µmol/l in healthy controls). Maximum sensitivity and specificity of serum uric acid was obtained at a cut-off of 5.5 mg/dl (sensitivity-91% and Specificity-88%) and serum homocysteine at 10.7 µmol/l (sensitivity-67% and specificity-64%) respectively. Conclusions: At optimum cut off value serum uric acid showed highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. Thus, serum uric acid level is better predictive marker compared to serum homocysteine level for preeclampsia.
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