Anomalies of the coronary ostia are of great practical significance than those of coronary arterial distribution. High degree of association exists between anomalies of the coronary ostia and other congenital cardiovascular defects. Detailed knowledge and awareness of the anatomical variations in ostia of coronary artery and its major blood vessels may help to overcome potential difficulties in certain cardiosurgical procedures. A cadaveric study in an unsuspected population provides a basis for understanding the normal variants, which may facilitate determination of the prevalence of anomalies and evaluation of the value of screening for such anomalies. METHODS: The study was carried out on 30 embalmed hearts in the department of anatomy SAIMS. Numbers of ostia, position of the ostia within each aortic sinus with reference to the sinutubular [ST] ridge and the upper margin of cusps were noted. The height of the cusps and the coronary ostia were measured from the bottom of the aortic sinuses [nadir] with the help of a digital vernier caliper. Positions of the ostia were also observed with reference to the commissures. RESULTS: The number of Ostia in the various Aortic sinuses ranges from 1to 3. No openings were found in Right Posterior Aortic Sinus. In majority cases the position of Coronary Ostia is above the Upper margin of cusps (95%). In 80% cases the position of Coronary Ostia is below the Sinu-tubular ridge. In 63% cases ostial openings were centrally located. The Left cusps were found to have greater height as compared to Right cusps. The height of Left coronary ostia was at higher level (15.65 mm). CONCLUSION: Variant anatomy of the ostia of the coronary artery, its detailed knowledge and awareness of major blood vessels may help to overcome potential difficulties in certain cardiosurgical procedures.
Background: The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, principal bronchi and the remaining airway in the lungs. The aim of present study is to correlate the chronic use of NSAID-Ibuprofen (therapeutic doses) and histological changes in mucosa of lower respiratory tract of Swiss albino mice. Methods: The adult Swiss albino mice (25 in each group) were given either 40mg/kg commercial ibuprofen suspension (experimental group) or equivalent volume of distilled water (control group) by oral route by gastric gavage method. 7 µm thick longitudinally cut section of lung were studied under microscope after staining with Masson's trichrome, Alcian blue, PAS and H & E stains. Histomorphometry was performed with linear ocular micrometer scale to quantify certain histological parameters namely epithelial height and proportion of epithelium height in an airway wall (PEH). The data was subjected to statistical analysis to obtain significance. Results: Proportion of epithelial height in the walls of airways (PEH) was found to be slightly lower in experimental small, intermediate and large airway groups but when compared with control group it was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The apparent decrease in the height of epithelium in the airways of the experimental groups along with the increase in proportion of wall thickness (not significant statistically) is suggestive of a corresponding gain in muscle thickness. This feature might reflect the tendency towards bronchospasm in experimental set of mice.
In 1883 Reidel described heterotrophic ossification (HO) for the first time. A large number of predisposing factor are described in the literature, although the precise pathogenetic mechanism is still unknown. But, it is thought to be due to over expression of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in peri-articular soft tissues.HO can limit the range of motion of a joint. These may be solitary or multiple painless periarticular masses which are lobular and densely calcified, diagnosed by USG, X-ray, CT and MRI. During routine dissection of right knee in a male cadaver aged between 60 to 65 years, while exposing the interior of knee by a transverse supra patellar incision the articular surface of patella and infra patellar pad of fat were exposed. A rounded projection about 2cm in size was visualized in the midline deep to synovial membrane of the infra patellar pad of fat. After incising the synovial membrane a large bony ossicle which looked like a pearl, was removed.In yet another case in a male cadaver aged between 60 to 65 years a hard, mass was felt in the infrapatellar part of right knee in its lateral part which was exposed by incising lateral patellar retinaculum & to our surprise, small pearl like object of the size smaller than 1cm, oval in shape and bony hard in consistency could be removed. Measurements and weights were recorded. Radiographs were taken. When the literature was searched it has been variously described as peri articular calcinosis, heterotrophic ossification (HO), tumoral calcinosis. Controversy still exists regarding its etiology, pathogenesis and nomenclature.
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