Various characteristics of swirling spray flames of ethanol, n-heptane, n-decane, and n-dodecane have been measured at conditions far from and close to blow-off using phase Doppler anemometry and OH* chemiluminescence, OH-planar laser-induced fluorescence, and Mie scattering at 5 kHz. The blow-off transient has also been examined. The OH* showed that the two main heat release regions lie around the spray jet at the inner recirculation zone and along the outer shear layer between the inner recirculation zone and the annular air jet. The heat release region is shortened and more attached as the flame approached blow-off. Mie images and phase Doppler anemometry data showed a wider dispersion of the ethanol spray compared to the other fuels. Similar spatial distributions of the Sauter mean diameter were observed for the four fuels for identical flow conditions, with the Sauter mean diameter value increasing with decreasing fuel volatility, but with the exception of significant presence of droplets in the nominally hollow cone for the ethanol spray. The OH-planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements showed an intermittent lift-off from the corner of the bluff body and the average lift-off height decreased with increasing air velocity, with less extinction along the inner flame branch especially for the heavier fuels. At the blow-off conditions, local extinctions appeared at both flame branches. The blow-off process followed a gradual reduction of the size of the flame, with the less volatile fuels showing a more severe flame area reduction compared to the condition far from blow-off. The average blow-off duration, ext , calculated from the evolution of the area-integrated OH* signal, was a few tens of milliseconds and for all conditions investigated the ratio ext /(D/U B ) was around 11, but with large scatter. The measurements provide useful information for validation of combustion models focusing on local and global extinction.

There is a need to better understand particle size distributions (PSDs) from turbulent flames from a theoretical, practical and even regulatory perspective. Experiments were conducted on a sooting turbulent non-premixed swirled ethylene flame with secondary (dilution) air injection to investigate exhaust and in-burner PSDs measured with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and soot volume fractions (fv) using extinction measurements. The focus was to understand the effect of systematically changing the amount and location of dilution air injection on the PSDs and fv inside the burner and at the exhaust. The PSDs were also compared with planar Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) calibrated against the average fv. LII provides some supplemental information on the relative soot amounts and spatial distribution among the various flow conditions that helps interpret the results. For the flame with no air dilution, fv drops gradually along the centreline of the burner towards the exhaust and the PSD shows a shift from larger particles to smaller. However, with dilution air fv reduces sharply where the dilution jets meet the burner axis. Downstream of the dilution jets fv reduces gradually and the PSDs remain unchanged until the exhaust. At the exhaust, the flame with no air dilution shows significantly more particles with an fv one to two orders of magnitude greater compared to the Cases with dilution. This dataset provides insights into soot spatial and particle size distributions within turbulent flames of relevance to gas turbine combustion with differing dilution parameters and the effect dilution has on the particle size. Additionally, this work measures fv using both ex situ and in situ techniques, and highlights the difficulties associated with comparing results across the two. The results are useful for validating advanced models for turbulent combustion.

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