Background:
India has >135 million obese individuals at present. Body mass index (BMI) has been used to assess obesity until recent times. Later, studies have shown that central body fat (BF) measurements as a reliable predictor of metabolic diseases. Hence, normal-weight obesity (NWO) is defined. Those with a normal range of BMI but increased fat percentage are found to be having metabolic syndromes at a very early life. The young adult group is specifically focused on the study with diet and physical activity as potential determinants; as an intervention at the right time can prevent the development of many noncommunicable diseases.
Objectives:
The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of obesity and its determinants with special reference to NWO.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted based on diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors on a sample of 269 young adults. Using Harpenden skinfold calipers, BF percentage was calculated based on Jackson and Pollock and Siri's equation. Binary logistic regression was also applied appropriately.
Results:
The proportion of obesity was 42.01%, and that of NWO was 16.1%. Sex, high protein diet, number of restaurant visits, less homemade tiffin intake, heavy physical activity, alcohol intake were found to be significantly associated with obesity. Intake of fish, physical activity, protein diet, day-time sleep were found to be significantly associated with NWO.
Conclusion:
The study emphasizes the need for including BF percentage in addition to BMI in regular clinical practice. It may help in preventive and promotive efforts.
Background: Nurses play a very essential role as health care providers and taking care of their health is necessary. Nursing students are believed to be healthy and although morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases occur in adulthood, exposure to risk factors begin in early life. Early identification of risk factors is essential considering their role as future nurses and in public health interventions.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 280 nursing students of a tertiary care hospital of Mumbai, Maharashtra after the ethical clearance. Pretested questionnaire was used for collecting data by interview after obtaining informed consent.Results: Out of the total 280 students, 47% missed at least one of their meals. 67.8% were underweight (BMI <18.5). There was no consumption of dry fruits and non-veg food in 54.64% and 23.9% of the students respectively. 36.07% students consumed green leafy vegetables only once a week. Consumption of water was quite low among the students. 56.07%, were anaemic (Hb <12 gm/dl). Under-nutrition and anaemia was found to be more prevalent in students coming from rural areas. The health seeking behaviour was observed to be better among the urban students.Conclusions: Findings of this study demonstrated that there is a need to increase the awareness among the nursing students regarding the healthy lifestyle and to follow specific strategies for their comprehensive management.
Context:
The burden of non-communicable diseases will sooner overwhelm the health system of the country and could curtail future economic development. Hypertension causes highest cardiovascular morbidities. To attain target Blood Pressure (BP), different strategies are required, which are area specific. The validity of rule of halves of hypertension in various settings needs to be studied for developing strategies for that particular geographical area. To utilize the resources in more efficient way, strategies need to differ in rural-urban and underserved- well-served areas.
Aims:
The present study aims at exploring whether the rule of halves holds good in the city of Mumbai as the findings of such research may have implications on strategies to control hypertension in communities. Hence, the objectives of this study are to ascertain the proportion of persons with hypertension with respect to the status of diagnosis, treatment, adequate treatment, and validate it with existing rule of halves.
Setting and Design:
Study was conducted in the urban field practice area of a teaching hospital and medical college of Mumbai that comprises 42 chawl (housing structures); study design- cross-sectional observational study.
Materials and Methods:
This observational cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 18 months in the field practice area of a teaching hospital and medical college of Mumbai with a total population of 43,069. Sample size was 667. After ethical clearance, participants were interviewed using pretested semi-structured interview schedule that included socio-demographic factors, risk factor evaluation, clinical examination, and anthropometry. Subjects with diagnosed hypertension were questioned thoroughly about hypertension adherence.
Statistical Analysis:
Descriptive statistics was applied on quantitative data.
Results:
A total of 667 people from five chawls of age more than 35 years were included into the study. The mean age of study subjects was 50.84 ± 11.47 years. Out of total 667 respondents, 20.3% respondents were normotensive, 50.3% respondents were pre-hypertensive, 25.3% respondents were in stage 1 hypertension, and 4% respondents were in stage 2 hypertension. In contrary to the classical rule of halves, the present study shows only 31% of the diagnosed hypertensives are adequately treated.
Conclusions:
The strategies in the national programs are from the traditional understanding of rule of halves and emphasize increasing awareness and treatment. Family physician should actively involve in regular screening, treatment, and adherence of hypertension treatment. As a part of primary care, community participation is required for effectively achieving the target BP goal of the population.
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