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The surface morphology and particle size of materials can be controlled using DEP technology.

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Photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis are highly promising for applications in the energy and environment sectors. Several photocatalytic devices based on TiO2 nanotubes grown on two‐dimensional (2D) substrate (such as titanium foil) have been developed, but there has been little research on three‐dimensional (3D) TiO2 nanotubes which are expected to offer significantly enlarged surface area and much improved photocatalytic efficiency. Here, a method of building 3D TiO2 nanotube arrays (3D‐TNTAs) on titanium mesh by anodization via controlling the reaction time and electrolyte is reported. It is found that the electrochemically active area of such a titanium mesh is almost 4 times larger than that of the traditional titanium foil. Moreover, through making composites of graphene oxide and ZnxCdyS onto 3D TiO2 nanotubes, hierarchical nanotube arrays (ZnxCdyS/GO/3D‐TNTAs) are made by calcination‐deposition of graphene oxide followed by a facile successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) treatment with ZnxCdyS. Characterization of the ZnxCdyS/GO/3D‐TNTAs indicates that this hierarchical multi‐layered nanostructure has a much improved photoelectrochemical property due to the enlarged surface area and improved electron–hole separation capability, demonstrating the great potential for applications in photoelectrocatalytic devices for environmental technologies.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is codoped with nine different rare earth mental ions (RE3+ = lanthanum (La3+), cerium (Ce3+), praseodymium (Pr3+), neodymium (Nd3+), samarium (Sm3+), gadolinium (Gd3+), erbium (Er3+), ytterbium (Yb3+), lutetium (Lu3+)) and nitrogen (N), are synthesized by non‐hydrolytic sol‐gel method under different calcination temperatures. The morphology, structure and performance of as‐prepared samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy. The results indicat that co‐doping can inhibit the particles growth significantly and extend light‐absorption to the visible region. Nd/N and Pr/N co‐doped TiO2 (calcining temperature at 380 °C) exhibit superior photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange (MO) degradation under visible light irradiation for 150 min, the degradation rate of MO solution are approximately 91 and 89% respectively. By comparison, the degradation rate are only 43 and 7% for the N‐TiO2 and pure TiO2 respectively.

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