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In recent years, cities universal are advocating ‘resilience’ in terms of water-related challenges. Accompanied by the development of sponge city construction, several emerging stormwater management practices are prevailing worldwide. This paper proposes a regenerative argument for sponge city construction from the urban scale towards the watershed scale by strengthening the urban water resilience and sustainability. An innovative framework is established to address urban water issues and human livability via 20 conventional and advanced indicators and the interrelations between the modules of water resilience, water resource, water treatment, water ecology, waterscape, and water management. Six representative cities from the sponge city construction pilot in South China have been selected, and the compatibility and divergence between their guidelines and the sponge watershed framework are revealed through pair analyses and parameter calculation. The diverse perspectives behind the scores have been discussed carefully, and the successful experiences of excellent cities are systematically summarized and promoted. The analyses and findings in this research have significant methodological implications for shifting the sponge city practice towards linking urban development with watershed ecological conservation. The proposed framework and strategies provide a reference for an integrated solution of watershed health and wellbeing in the next generation sponge city practice.

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This paper advocates a shift for Sponge City construction from urban scale towards the watershed scale through strengthening the ecosystem services at a holistic perspective. An innovative framework has been established to address integrated solutions for comprehensive water issues. It enclosed with water resilience pattern, water resource pattern, water treatment pattern, water ecology pattern, waterscape pattern, and LID (low-impact-development) transportation pattern. Specifically, water resilience pattern and water resource pattern deal with the livelihood issues of urban population; water treatment pattern and water ecology pattern provide a sustainable basis through ecological and technical approaches in the context of urban agglomeration. Besides, the waterscape pattern and LID transportation pattern correlated grey infrastructure with green infrastructure, which helps to optimize the quality of urban development and minimize the intervention on the watershed ecosystem. The analyses and discourses from this study identify significant methodological implications to shift the sponge city practice from the urban context towards nature context. The prominent contribution is to optimize the regulation and support service of the watershed ecosystem and promote a healthier environment for people and wildlife living in the watershed.

Humans and other primates have memory, and the hippocampus plays a critical role in this process. The neural circuitry is one of the structural foundations for the hippocampus in exerting memory function. To understand the relationship between the hippocampus and memory, we need to understand neural circuits. Past research has identified several classical neural circuits involved in memory. Although there are challenges with the study of hippocampal neural circuits, research on this topic has continued, and some progress has been made. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of hippocampal neural circuit mechanisms and some of the newly discovered factors that affect memory. Substantial progress has been made regarding hippocampal memory circuits and Alzheimer’s disease. However, it is unclear whether these novel findings regarding hippocampal memory circuits hold promise for human memory studies. Additional research on this topic is needed.

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