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PM 2.5 fractions were collected by re-suspension of the ashes derived from the incineration processes of peanut straw (PS), wheat straw (WS), garbage-fired power plant (GFPP), domestic garbage for volume reduction (DG), and workshop of cable combustion for metal reclamation (WCC) for the analysis of 16 PAHs and 26 elements to obtain the information about their composition profiles, toxicity of PAHs, and exposure risks posed by heavy metals (HMs) and As. GFPP possessed the highest Ʃ16PAHs, while the lowest value occurred at DG. HMW-PAHs dominated in GFPP, while LMW-PAHs were predominant in PS and WS. BaP was the top PAH in GFPP and GFPP possessed the highest TEQ values based on the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and BaP associated TEFs, and followed by WCC > DG > WS > PS. Except for DG vs. WCC, the PAH-, and HM vs. As-profiles between any 2 out of 5 sources were different based on higher coefficients of divergence than 0.3. The sum of 10 HMs and As (∑ 11 IEs) dominated in WCC due to high contents of Cu, Zn, and Pb, and followed by GFPP > DG > WS > PS. The most enriched HMs were Sb, Cu, and Pb for WCC, Sn for GFPP, and Cd for both GFPP and DG. The integrated carcinogenic risks (CRs) for children posed by both dermal adsorption (Derm) and ingestion (ING) were higher than those for adults. The CRs for children from all the 5 sources exceeded the acceptable level of 1 × 10-4. The non-carcinogenic risks (NCRs) for children posed by both ING and DERM for 5 sources were much higher than those for adults. The NCRs for children posed by ING significantly exceeded 1

China has been experiencing a remarkable economic growth for the past three decades accompanied by significant energy consumption and environmental pollution, which led to great pressure on energy supply and environmental protection. The development of renewable energy has therefore become a major strategic issue for the country’s energy security, economic development, environmental sustainability and social stability. Meanwhile the participation of the private sector into the renewable energy sector has become increasingly important and necessary to utilize their knowledge, skills and resources as an effective supplement to the Chinese government which dominates the sector but suffers low efficiency and declining credit lines. Aiming at a better understanding of the activities and trends of the private sector in the renewable energy sector of China, this study retrieved project level data from the Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) database of the World Bank, and examined the data from various dimensions, such as investment size, PPI type, technology, and geographical distribution. Important and interesting observations were drawn such as emerging western China market and fast growing biomass sub-sector. A comparison between conventional fossil fuel projects and renewable energy projects was also undertaken in terms of unit cost and the results confirmed the high installation cost of renewable energy projects and highlighted the importance of government subsidies at present and technological advances in the long run to support the development of renewable energy. The empirical findings, although restricted by shortcomings of the data source, can provide valuable implications to policy makers and infrastructure investors interested in the renewable energy market of China.

No abstract

With the scale extending and the structure complex of urban power network gradually, establishing a rational network structure is significant to reliable and sufficient power supply. This paper collected and sorted out network structure of typical cities and analyzed the characteristics, functions and grid structure used mainly. According to hierarchical thought and the coordinated principle of transmission and distribution, the conception that urban network structure system can be constructed based on reliability of different layers can be described the overall pattern systematically. Then the merits, drawbacks and main applicable scope of typical grid structure were analyzed and evaluated on the condition of saturated load density. Finally, typical grid structures applied in different cities were recommended based on the saturated load density in future.