Scintillator‐based X‐ray imaging has attracted great attention from industrial quality inspection and security to medical diagnostics. Herein, a series of lanthanide(III)‐Cu4I4 heterometallic organic frameworks (Ln‐Cu4I4 MOFs)‐based X‐ray scintillators are developed by rationally assembling X‐ray absorption centers ([Cu4I4] clusters) and luminescent chromophores (Ln(III) ions) in a specific manner. Under X‐ray irradiation, the heavy inorganic units ([Cu4I4] clusters) absorb the X‐ray energy to populate triplet excitons via halide‐to‐ligand charge transfer (XLCT) combined with the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) state (defined as the X/MLCT state), and then the 3X/MLCT excited state sensitizes Tb3+ for intense X‐ray‐excited luminescence via excitation energy transfer. The obtained Tb‐Cu4I4 MOF scintillators exhibit high resistance to humidity and radiation, excellent linear response to X‐ray dose rate, and high X‐ray relative light yield of 29 379 ± 3000 photons MeV−1. The relative light yield of Tb‐Cu4I4 MOFs is ≈3 times higher than that of the control Tb(III) complex. X‐ray imaging tests show that the Tb‐Cu4I4 MOFs‐based flexible scintillator film exhibits a high spatial resolution of 12.6 lp mm−1. These findings not only provide a promising design strategy to develop lanthanide‐MOF‐based scintillators with excellent scintillation performance, but also exhibit high‐resolution X‐ray imaging for biological specimens and electronic chips.

non-destructive testing and medical theranostic applications. [1] Conventional scintillators containing heavy atoms (e.g., CsI:Tl, Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 , PbWO 4 , YAlO 3 :Ce) have been commercially utilized in X-ray imaging, however, almost all of them relied on costly bulk crystals and were grown by the Czochralski method under harsh preparation conditions. [2] Recently, lead halide perovskite-based scintillators exhibited outstanding performance, but the self-absorption, hygroscopicity and elemental toxicity severely limit their practical applications. [3] Numerous attempts have been made to address these issues by developing lead-free perovskite analogs, trying to replace lead with other elements such as silver, [4] bismuth, [5] antimony, [6] manganese [7] and copper. [8] Lanthanide-doped inorganic oxide or fluoride nanoscintillators [9] and organic scintillators [10] have also been reported. Despite enormous efforts, the development of novel scintillators with low cost, high performance, and good solution processability remains a formidable challenge.The general scintillation process mainly consists of three stages: conversion, transport, and luminescence. [11] Under X-ray irradiation, electrons and holes were mainly generated in the inner layers of atoms through the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. Subsequently, the cascaded secondary electrons migrated to the conduction band and valence band or generated low-energy excitations for luminescence. In this sense, most of the light emission in scintillators was excited by electronic transitions caused by electron impact, which was similar to the electroluminescence in some respects. [12] A large number of triplet excitons and singlet excitons can be generated in a ratio of 3:1. Thus, we can naturally think that those molecules that have been successfully utilized in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are likely to be good candidate for X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) materials. Yang and coworkers reported three organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) scintillators for high-resolution X-ray imaging, which demonstrated the importance of harvesting both singlet and triplet excitons for efficient X-ray scintillation. [13] Although these organic scintillators showed high relative light yields, in fact, their XEL intensity Scintillators have attracted tremendous attention due to their great potential in radiation detection, industrial non-destructive testing, and medical theranostic applications. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) based scintillators can simultaneously harvest radiation-induced singlet and triplet excitons for high-efficient X-ray excited luminescence. However, pure organic TADF materials composed of light elements exhibit low X-ray absorption coefficients, resulting in relatively weak X-ray excited luminescence. Herein, a series of novel high-performance X-ray scintillators based on TADF mononuclear Cu(I)-halide complexes are successfully developed. Together with high X-ray absorption coefficient of heavy h...

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QCP preliminarily demonstrates potential for quantitating cirrhotic remodeling with high resolution and accuracy. Further validation with in-study cohorts and multiple-etiologies is warranted.

The knowledge on the host specificity of a pathogen underlying an interaction is becoming an urgent necessity for global warming. In this study, the gene expression profiles and the roles of effectors in host specificity were integrally characterized with two formae speciales, multigermtubi and monogermtubi, of a hemibiotrophic pathogen Marssonina brunnea when they were infecting respective susceptible poplar hosts. With a functional genome comparison referring to a de novo transcriptome of M. brunnea and Pathogen-Host Interaction database functional annotations, the multigermtubi strain showed abundant and significant differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) (more than 40%) in colonizing the initial invasion stage and in the necrotrophic stage. The monogermtubi strain induced less than 10% of DEGs in the initial invasion stage but which abruptly increased to more than 80% DEGs in the necrotrophic stage. Both strains induced the least DEGs in the biotrophic stage compared to the initial invasion and necrotrophic stages. The orthologs of the effector genes Ecp6, PemG1, XEG1, ACE1, and Mg3LysM were exclusively induced by one of the two formae speciales depending on the infection stages. Some unigenes homologous to carbohydrate lytic enzyme genes, especially pectate lyases, were notably induced with multigermtubi forma specialis infection but not expressed in the monogermtubi forma specialis at an earlier infection stage. The extraordinary differences in the functional genome level between the two formae speciales of M. brunnea could be fundamental to exploring their host specificity determinant and evolution. This study also firstly provided the fungal transcriptome of the monogermtubi forma specialis for M. brunnea.

SummaryNatural volatiles released by the fungus, Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050, were evaluated against the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Our results showed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused 64.1 and 58.4% mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2) and mixed-stages (eggs, J2, third- and fourth-stage juveniles, and adults) of populations of PWN, but no inhibitive effects were detected on nematode eggs in the experiment. Analysis of the gases within the Petri plate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed a yield of an unique volatile with dominant 1,8-cineole in 77.4% relative area (RA) after 72 h treatment of nematodes with Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050 and Botrytis cinerea. The commercial 1,8-cineole at concentrations of 2, 5, 10 and 15 μl ml−1 was applied to examine nematicidal activity. The results showed that 1,8-cineole had a 40-100% inhibition on the nematode eggs during 48 h treatment, more than 82.9% mortality of J2 after 24 h, 48 h and 96 h, and 18.7-91.9% mortality of the mixed-stage population, depending on the period after exposure. This result indicates that 1,8-cineole in the volatile gas emissions of Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050 may play a crucial inhibitory effect on the pine wood nematode The nematicidal volatile gas from fungi may provide a useful biocontrol agent for controlling B. xylophilus.

Background The acute inhibition of glymphatic after stroke has been shown to aggravate post-stroke inflammation and apoptosis; however, the related mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study aimed to assess the specific mechanism of inflammation and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by improving glymphatic dysfunction. Materials and Methods Ischemic stroke was induced using the mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. The C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into three groups as follows: sham operation, Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) 48 hours, and N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) pyridine-3-carboxamide dihydrochloride (TGN-020) + I/R 48 hours treatment. Neurological examination, TTC, fluorescence tracer, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed in all mice in sequence. The glymphatic function in the cortex surrounding cerebral infarction was determined using tracer, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) co-staining, and beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) staining, differential genes were detected using RNA-seq. Iba-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3, and tunel staining were used to verify inflammation and apoptosis after TGN-020 treatment. Results Compared with I/R group, the degree of neurological deficit was alleviated in TGN-020 group. TGN-020 alleviated glymphatic dysfunction by improving astrocyte proliferation and reducing tracer accumulation in the peri-infarct area. RNA-seq showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and involved in the ERK pathway. RNA-seq was verified by western blot and immunofluorescence. Conclusions The inflammation of astrocytes and microglia after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is closely related to the glymphatic system. The improvement of glymphatic function may play a neuroprotective role after cerebral I/R by inhibiting inflammation through ERK pathway.