ABSTRACT. Selenium as an essential trace element takes part in the regulation of many vital processes. This is realized with the help of over 25 selenoproteins that affect oxidative stress, immune response, hormonal metabolism, cognitive function, etc. Recently (in the next 30 - 40 years), there have been reports of the effect on viral infections, which have now become widespread. It turned out that almost all RNA viruses are selenium-dependent objects, that is, their genome contains the codes of the most important selenium containing proteins, including such as glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxinreductase, selenium-P protein, etc. Their synthesis during the development of a viral infection at the expense of the host leads to a weakening of the synthesis of the body's own intracellular selenium proteins, which contributes to the development of oxidative stress and a failure of the immune response. And this leads to the devastation of the selenium depot of the body, intended for the synthesis of its selenium proteins, which participate in vital regulatory processes. This circumstance determines, to replenish the body's resources with selenium, the expediency of using selenium-containing pharmacopoeia preparations as adjuvant in the treatment of RNA viral infections.
Рассмотрено влияние нитрита натрия и селенита натрия при их совместном и одиночном воздействии на процессы окисления гемоглобина (Hb), перекисного окисления липидов (ПОЛ), активность антиоксидантных (АО) энзимовглутатионпероксидазы (ГП) и каталазы в эритроцитах человека in vitro. Выявлено, что нитриты оказывают значительное воздействие на окислительные процессы в эритроцитах и Hb, а селенит натрия ослабляет развитие нитрит-индуцированного окислительного процесса в эритроцитах и снижает образование метгемоглобина (MetHb) на 25-40 %. Оказывая значительное воздействие на окислительные процессы в эритроцитах, нитриты не приводят к заметному возрастанию показателей ПОЛ в них. Под воздействием нитрита происходит незначительное изменение активности АО фермента ГП (до 20-30 %), активность каталазы во всех случаях существенно падает (в 1,5-2 раза). Нитриты в инкубационной среде способствуют увеличению концентраций мембранного оксигемоглобина и MetHb, а селенит натрия оказывает тормозящее действие на этот процесс.
Selenium status and glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity were investigated in patients with normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) deficient erythrocytes among Azerbaijani population. It has been shown that the content of Se in G-6-PDH-deficient erythrocytes is a little (≈16%) different from the norm, while GP activity of in them is substantially lower (≈ 50%). The low activity of GP probably is due to decreased production of GSH, the basic substrate for GP, in G-6-PDH-deficient erythrocytes. Addition of GSH precursor (N-acetylcysteine) to the incubation medium increases the GP activity, suggesting that the low level of GP activity is possibly connected with low level of GSH. G-6-PDH-deficient erythrocytes demonstrate significantly greater susceptibility to oxidative stress than normal ones when exposed to ultraviolet radiation of the small (7 kJ/m 2) and moderate (15 kJ/m 2) doses, and to high tension electric field (HTEF ≈ 60 kV/m × 5 hours). In particular, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (malonic dialdehyde) under visible UV irradiation in G-6-PDH-deficient erythrocytes is ≈50-80% higher, than in the control. Nevertheless, in G-6-PDH-deficient erythrocytes HTEF have no significant effect on the accumulation of malonic dialdehyde, though the GP and catalase activity are falling faster than normal, and have initially lower level.
The review considers the role that selenium plays in RNA virus infections and, in particular, COVID-19. Many RNA viruses are selenium dependent because antisense interactions arise between viral RNAs and host mRNA regions containing the selencysteine insertion sequence to cause selenium deficiency, oxidative stress, immune response impairment, etc. Sodium selenite is a licensed selenium-containing product and is widely used in medicine, veterinary, and agriculture. Its advantages include the following. Sodium selenite rapidly penetrates through cell membranes in all tissues of the body; is intensely involved in metabolic processes accompanied by oxidation of sulfur-containing cell proteins; exerts an antiaggregation effect by reducing thromboxane activity; interrupts the contact of a virion (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) with the membrane of a healthy cell; and suppresses NF-κB activity, which significantly increases in coronavirus infections. Arguments supporting the use of sodium selenite as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 are discussed.
We studied laboratory parameters of patients with COVID-19 against the background of chronic pathologies (cardiovascular pathologies, obesity, type 2 diabetes melitus, and cardiovascular pathologies with allergy to statins). A decrease in pH and a shift in the electrolyte balance of blood plasma were revealed in all studied groups and were most pronounced in patients with cardiovascular pathologies with allergy to statin. It was found that low pH promotes destruction of lipid components of the erythrocyte membranes in patients with chronic pathologies, which was seen from a decrease in Na + /K + -ATPase activity and significant hyponatrenemia. In patients with cardiovascular pathologies and allergy to statins, erythrocyte membranes were most sensitive to a decrease in pH, while erythrocyte membranes of obese patients showed the greatest resistance to low pH and oxidative stress.
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