D‐dopachrome tautomerase (D‐DT/MIF‐2) is a member of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) cytokine superfamily, and a close structural homolog of MIF. MIF and D‐DT have been reported to be involved in obesity, but there is little known about the regulation of D‐DT in adipose tissue inflammation and wound healing. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from 54 healthy donors and 28 donors with acutely inflamed wounds undergoing wound debridement. In addition, epididymal fat pads of mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide to study receptor expression and cell migration in vivo. D‐DT protein levels and mRNA expression were significantly decreased in subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to acutely inflamed wounds. D‐DT improved fibroblast viability and increased proliferation in vitro. While D‐DT alone did not have a significant effect on in vitro fibroblast wound healing, simultaneous addition of neutralizing MIF antibody resulted in a significant improvement of fibroblast wound healing. Interestingly, expression of the MIF and D‐DT receptor CD74 was down‐regulated while the MIF receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 were up‐regulated primarily on macrophages indicating that the MIF‐CXCR2/4 axis may promote recruitment of inflammatory cells into adipose tissue. Our results describe a reciprocal role of D‐DT to MIF in inflamed adipose tissue, and indicate that D‐DT may be beneficial in wound repair by improving fibroblast survival and proliferation.
Zusammenfassung
Die Extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung ist eine der letzten Therapieoptionen für schwere Fälle eines akuten Lungenversagens. Hierzu wird Blut in einem externen Kreislauf ähnlich einer Herz-Lungen-Maschine durch einen Oxygenator gepumpt. In diesem findet ein zusätzlicher Gasaustausch statt. Im Gegensatz zum Einsatz im Operationssaal wird die länger andauernde Therapie auf der Intensivstation in der Regel nicht kontinuierlich durch einen Kardiotechniker überwacht. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Konzepte für Automatisierung und Fehlerdiagnose sind ein wichtiger Schritt hin zu einem sicheren und zuverlässigen teil-autonomen Betrieb eines Systems, das sich den individuellen Bedürfnissen des Patienten kontinuierlich anpasst.
A tool which is being used more and more frequently in companies is Virtual Reality (VR). It enables a realistic three‐dimensional representation of models and data which even non‐experts can follow easily.
In a project carried out by SMS Demag AG in collaboration with the Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), VR is used to show how individual components are merged to form an overall image of a CSP plant. Starting from the mere visualization of the CSP plant, information is integrated in a hierarchical structure which extends into the microstructural level. This hierarchy is shown as an example at certain locations of the CSP plant but can be expanded as required, both in terms of depth (several levels) as well as along the production line (incorporating further process steps).
Further developments are starting to establish direct links between the simulation programs and VR. With the improvement in computer performance and the resulting real‐time ability of the calculations, it will become possible to influence the calculation and also to directly see the results of the change.
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