This paper is the report of a study that has investigated the impact of the risk management process, including liquidity and operational risk, on the risk management practices of Islamic banks and conventional banks in Pakistan. The study compared the risk management practices of both types of banks. Data was collected through the 200 self- administered questionnaires distributed to senior managers and risk officials of both types of banks. The data was analyzed using basic descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA and Multiple regression analysis. The empirical results showed that risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring and liquidity risk analysis were the most influential determinants of the risk management practices of conventional banks, whereas risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, credit risk analysis, liquidity risk analysis and operational risk analysis had influenced the risk management practices of Islamic banks. Overall, Islamic banks were better in terms of understanding risk management, risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring and operational risk analysis, while conventional banks were ahead of Islamic banks in credit risk analysis, liquidity risk analysis, and risk management practices. In the context of the emerging economy of Pakistan, the study outcomes can be helpful for investors, potential and existing customers to make prudent investment decisions. Findings are also helpful for strategy managers and regulators in policy formulation, elevation, and implementation of risk management regulations.
Purpose: Breast cancer in women is one of the most common tumors in women worldwide. Throughout Pakistan, there have been multiple reasons that cause a delay in the presentation of breast cancer and many reasons are neither reported nor studied. The objective of our study is to provide detailed estimates on the prevalence and causes of delays in order to plan targets for intervention. Materials Methods: This is a Quasi-Experimental study done at Department of General surgery, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Lyari Karachi from September 2018 to August 2020. We recorded the histories of 200 women by conducting structured interviews after their written consent and noted their mean age, standard deviation, early symptoms, and reasons for delayed presentation. Only patients who discovered their symptoms are included in the study.We then conducted the analysis on early and advanced stage patients using SPSS Version 20. Results: The mean patient's age was 44.2 ± 4.13years, where 200 females were observed with a maximum age of 70 years and minimum age of 20 years in our data. Approximately 49% of breast cancers were advanced stage and about 69% had a rural residence, while painless bump was observed in 91% of women,hospital distance was less and more than 60 minutes and that’s has hindered presentation too. Similarly, about 71.2% of breast cancer patients presented with advanced-stage disease. We observed the most common factor to be a painless lump and misdiagnosed first visit. Conclusion: Our study concludes that distance, rural residence, painless breast lump, and misdiagnosis are the most common reason of delay presentation by the patients and should be intervened.
Objective: To determine the frequency of bile duct injury during laparascopic cholecystectomy procedures. Study Design: This is an observational study. Setting: Study carried out at General Surgery department, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Lyari Karachi, from July 2019 to August 2021. Materials and Methods: All diagnosed patients of gallstones on the clinically and findings of ultrasound of abdomen with age (20-60 years), gender were included in study. Patient not willing for surgery, pregnant ladies, bleeding disorders, obstructive jaundice and carcinoma of gall bladder were excluded from this study. Results: Out of 162 patients, there were 15 males (9.25%) and 147 females (90.74%), with a male to female ratio of 1:11.6. The mean age was 36.01±8.11years (20 to 60 years). According to our observation, there were 6 cases (3.70%) of common bile duct injury during the operation. Treatments offered range from ERCP and conservative treatment to reconstructive surgery. Four patients (2.46%) were converted to open cholecystectomy, 1 patient underwent open cholecystectomy subsequent ERCP, and 1 patient underwent open Cholecystectomy with Subsequent Reconstructive surgery. Conclusion: In our study bile duct injury commonly occur during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Over time, improving surgical technique and experience reduced the overall incidence of CBD injuries.
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