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The present study investigated the effects of composted rice husk (5 and 26; 10 g/2 kg of soil/pot) on growth and biochemical parameters of sunflower plants at the 30th and 60th day of germination. Result showed significant improvement in growth and biochemical parameters of plants as compared to control plants treated with uncomposted organic fertilizer. However, the effects vary with the microbial treatments involved in the composting of rice husk like composted with T. hamatum (JUF1), bradyrhizobium sp-II (JUR2) alone, and JUF1 in combination with Rhizobium sp-I (JUR1) were found effective in improving the shoot and root lengths, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, crude protein, and mineral (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of sunflower plants. It indicates that composted rice husk with improved total carbohydrate and protein contents may increase the soil fertility by improving its organic content.

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Introductioncompared to foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, anthrax and black quarter, respectively [4]. The estimated Pasteurella multocida, a commensal of digestive annual economic losses in India due to Pasteurella and respiratory tracts of warm-blooded animals, causes multocida infections alone were found to be to the tune disease in animals (bovines, porcines, rabbits, and of Rs. 228 millions [5]. poultry) weakened by stresses such as viral infections, Humoral immunity plays an important role in heat, cold or humidity with aerosol transmission of protection against the disease. Vaccination has a infection between animals [1]. Haemorrhagic Septigreater effect in controlling mortality in HS than any caemia (HS) is an acute, fatal septicaemic disease of other measure [6]. The vaccines in use against HS cattle and buffaloes caused by the bacterium Pasteurella include broth bacterins, alum precipitated, aluminium multocida and occur as a catastrophic epizootic in hydroxide gel and oil adjuvant vaccines [7]. The most many Asian and African countries resulting in high widely used vaccines in Asia being the whole cell mortality and morbidity. Serotypes B: 2 and E: 2 of P.formalin killed P. multocida P bacterin precipitated 52 multocida are associated with hemorrhagic septicaewith alum or emulsified in aluminium hydroxide gel. mia in cattle and buffaloes in Asia and Central AfricaThe alum precipitated and the aluminium hydroxide respectively [2]. The interactions between host factors gel vaccines are reported to confer immunity for four to and certain specific bacterial virulence factors, like six months. Oil adjuvant vaccine that imparts higher lipopolysaccharides (LPS), capsule, outer membrane level of immunity (up to 1 year) poses difficulty in proteins (OMP), fimbrial protein etc are responsible for injecting owing to its viscous nature and it induces the pathogenesis of the disease [3].inflammation at the site of injection making it In India, HS has been identified as number one unpopular among the field users [8]. Although, killer disease of bacterial origin among cattle and vaccination against HS in endemic areas with currently buffaloes. In a retrospective analysis of disease occurrence available vaccines is conducted regularly, outbreaks in cattle and buffaloes in India during the years 1974-still occur emphasizing the need for improving the 1986, it was found that HS was responsible for the immunogenicity of the currently available vaccine highest mortality and the second highest morbidity rate preparations [9]. Microtiter Agglutination Test (MAT), Indirect Haemaaglutination Assay (IHA) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) are usually employed to detect serum antibody levels in immunized Abstract Aim: The present study was carried out in 100 cattle to assess the antibody response to Haemorrhagic Septicaemia alum precipitated vaccine by Microtiter Agglutination Test (MAT), Indirect Haemaaglutination Assay (IHA) and Monoclonal Antibody based Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Mater...

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