ResumoObjetivo: Investigar a etiologia, as principais manifestações clínicas e as alterações presentes em crianças de 3 a 9 anos, respiradoras orais, residentes na região urbana de Abaeté (MG). Métodos:Estudo com amostra aleatória representativa da população do município de 23.596 habitantes. Clinicamente, foram consideradas respiradoras orais as crianças que roncavam, dormiam com a boca aberta, babavam no travesseiro e apresentavam queixas de obstrução nasal freqüente ou intermitente. As crianças com diagnóstico clínico de respirador oral foram submetidas a endoscopia nasal, teste alérgico cutâneo e raio X do cavum, hemograma, contagem de eosinófilos, dosagem de IgE total e parasitológico de fezes. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa SPSS ® versão 10.5. Resultados:As principais causas da respiração oral foram: rinite alérgica (81,4%), hipertrofia de adenóides (79,2%), hipertrofia de amígdalas (12,6%) e desvio obstrutivo do septo nasal (1,0%). As principais manifestações clínicas do respirador oral foram: dormir com a boca aberta (86%), roncar (79%), coçar o nariz (77%), babar no travesseiro (62%), dificuldade respiratória noturna ou sono agitado (62%), obstrução nasal (49%) e irritabilidade durante o dia (43%). Conclusão:Algumas manifestações clínicas são muito freqüentes na criança respiradora oral. Essas manifestações devem ser reconhecidas e consideradas no diagnóstico clínico da respiração oral.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(6):529-535: Prevalência, respiração oral, rinite alérgica, hipertrofia de adenóides, hipertrofia de amígdalas, desvio do septo nasal. diagnosis of mouth breathing underwent nasal endoscopy, allergy skin tests and X ray of the rhinopharynx, full blood tests, eosinophil counts, total IgE assay and fecal parasitology. Data were analyzed using SPSS ® version 10.5. Results:The main causes of mouth breathing were: allergic rhinitis (81.4%), enlarged adenoids (79.2%), enlarged tonsils (12.6%), and obstructive deviation of the nasal septum (1.0%). The main clinical manifestations of mouth breathers were: sleeping with mouth open (86%), snoring (79%), itchy nose (77%), drooling on the pillow (62%), nocturnal sleep problems or agitated sleep (62%), nasal obstruction (49%), and irritability during the day (43%). Conclusion:Certain clinical manifestations are very common among mouth-breathing children. These manifestations must be recognized and considered in the clinical diagnosis of mouth breathing.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(6):529-535: Prevalence, mouth breathing, allergic rhinitis, hypertrophic adenoids, hypertrophic tonsils, deviated nasal septum.

Objective: To investigate the etiology, main clinical manifestations and other concurrent findings in mouth-breathing children aged 3 to 9 years and resident in the urban area of Abaeté (MG), Brazil. Methods:This study was based on a representative random sample of the town population, of 23,596 inhabitants.Clinical diagnosis of mouth-breathing was defined as a combination of snoring, sleeping with mouth open, drooling on the pillow and frequent or intermittent nasal obstruction. Children with a clinical diagnosis of mouth-breathing underwent nasal endoscopy, allergy skin tests and X ray of the rhinopharynx, full blood tests, eosinophil counts, total IgE assay and fecal parasitology. Data were analyzed using SPSS ® version 10.5. Results:The main causes of mouth-breathing were: allergic rhinitis (81.4%), enlarged adenoids (79.2%), enlarged tonsils (12.6%), and obstructive deviation of the nasal septum (1.0%). The main clinical manifestations of mouth breathers were: sleeping with mouth open (86%), snoring (79%), itchy nose (77%), drooling on the pillow (62%), nocturnal sleep problems or agitated sleep (62%), nasal obstruction (49%), and irritability during the day (43%). Conclusion:Certain clinical manifestations are very common among mouth-breathing children. These manifestations must be recognized and considered in the clinical diagnosis of mouth-breathing.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(6):529-535: Prevalence, mouth-breathing, allergic rhinitis, hypertrophic adenoids, hypertrophic tonsils, deviated nasal septum.

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de crianças respiradoras orais com idade entre 3 a 9 anos residentes na região urbana de Abaeté (MG). Métodos: Estudo com amostra aleatória representativa da população do município, que é de 23.596 habitantes. Foram realizados sorteios através de tabela de números aleatórios até completar 370 crianças, número determinado por cálculo estatístico. Elaborou-se roteiro para anamnese e avaliação clínica dos pacientes, especificamente para esta pesquisa, pois não foi encontrado na literatura instrumento adequado e validado para esta finalidade. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa SPSS versão 10.5. Resultados: A prevalência da respiração oral foi determinada em 204 crianças (55%). Conclusão: São necessários estudos adicionais para validar questionário para o diagnóstico clínico de respiradores orais no nível primário de atendimento médico.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of mouth breathing among children aged 3 to 9 years living in the urban districts of the town of Abaeté, MG, Brazil.Methods: This study assesses a representative, randomized sample of the town's population (23,596 inhabitants).Children were selected by lots according to a random number table until 370 had been enrolled; this number had been determined by statistical calculation. A protocol for anamnesis and clinical assessment of the patients was specially developed for this project, since no preexisting instruments could be found in the literature that had been validated and were appropriate for the purpose. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10.5. Results:The prevalence of mouth breathing was found to be 55%, or 204 children. Conclusion:Further studies are needed to validate a questionnaire for the clinical diagnosis of mouth breathers at the primary care level.

equal to V 10,695 while the outpatient events was equal to V 1,670. The 20% most expensive patients accounted for 63% of the total costs. CONCLUSIONS: Most PAH patients have multiple hospital events per year. While the number of inpatient events have remained stable per year, outpatient events have increased. Inpatient events are responsible for the majority of the economic burden.OBJECTIVES: To assess the annual economic burden of asthma in adults in Greece as well as the factors that may influence this burden. METHODS: A population-based, random-digit dialed, telephone nationwide survey was conducted to recruit patients with asthma in Greece (N¼353). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding demographic and lifestyle characteristics, presence of comorbidities, disease history, asthma control during the past 4 weeks through the Asthma Control Test (ACT), healthcare resource utilization during the past 12 months, out-of-pocket expenses for reasons related to their asthma as well as productivity loss during the past 12 months. Direct health care cost that reflects and encapsulates all the resource consumption incurred for the care of patients within the health care system was calculated. Indirect cost that reflects productivity losses caused by patients' inability to work or because relatives need to take time off work to take care of them was also calculated. The total societal cost was calculated in V2017. RESULTS: The mean (95% CI) total annual cost per patient for asthma management from societal perspective was V895 (V620; V1015) with the direct and indirect cost accounting for almost 96% and 4% of the total cost, respectively. The total direct medical annual cost from societal perspective was mainly driven by the medication cost (48%), followed by the cost of laboratory and diagnostic tests (33%). The total annual costs from societal and payer perspective were found to be significantly higher in patients with not wellcontrolled asthma (ACT <20), in patients having had exacerbations and those with active symptoms of asthma during the previous 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that asthma control is strongly associated with the economic burden of asthma, demonstrating the need for the implementation of programs aiming at the management of chronic symptoms related to this condition.