This study aims to review research the progress on factors that affect the 3D printing results of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. The review is carried out by mapping critical parameters and characteristics determining FDM parameters, the effects of each parameter, and their interaction with other parameters. The study started from the filament manufacturing process, filament material types, and printing parameters of FDM techniques. The difference in each section has determined different parameters, and the respective relationships between parameters and other determinants during printing have a significant effect on printing results. This study also identifies several vital areas of previous and future research to optimize and characterize the critical parameters of the FDM printing process and FDM filament manufacturing.
Development of Renewable Energy System (RES) in Indonesia is an alternative solution for an increasing of fuel-based energy demand problem. Higher educational institutes may contribute to reducing the energy consumption by implementing green campus policies which include creating a medium-scale solar power installation. The research presents the feasibility analysis of photovoltaic power generation plants development in a university in the southern part of Java Island, Indonesia. In this article, different on/off-grid photovoltaic systems were considered in one of the campuses located in rural area. The technical viability of the proposed solar energy system is analyzed using HOMER software. The economic aspects of the plant are analyzed based on standard parameters, the NPC (Net Present Cost) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) methods. The simulation studies are carried out to identify technical and cost-effective configuration. Feasibility study of the Photovoltaic energy generation was conducted by revealing their potential contributions and applicabilities. This study gives emphasis to the techno-economic analysis of renovating the energy supply system of a grid-connected large office building through an RES. Finally, results of the research can be used as the preference for the relevant stakeholders and policymakers in developing the grid-connected RES system.
This study aimed to characterize the effect of a glass powder additive on recycled polypropylene (rPP) materials from food packaging to be used as filaments in material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing applications. The composite filaments studied were rPP filaments with glass powder (GP) additive in the 2.5%, 5%, and 10% fractions. As a baseline, the filaments made of pure virgin PP and rPP without additive were used. The filament that has been successfully made is then printed into a tensile test specimen and an impact test to observe its mechanical properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization was also carried out to determine the effect of chemical bonding and thermal characterization using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of FTIR characterization on the sample rPP + 10% do not show a typical peak shift of PP, but give rise to new peaks at wavenumbers of 1000 cm−1 (Si-O-Na), 890 cm−1 (Si-H) and 849 cm−1 (O-Si-O), which indicate the typical peaks of the glass constituent compounds. In the thermal characteristics, the addition of GP shows the improved stability of mass changes to heat and increases the melting temperature of rPP. The ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus for rPP-based specimens with 10% GP additive showed an increase of 38% and 42% compared to PP specimens. In addition to the improved mechanical strength, the addition of GP also reduces the bending deformation, which can be well controlled, and reduces curvature, which is a problem in semicrystalline polymer-based filaments.
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