Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is an emerging enteropathogen, causing great economic losses in the pig industry. After many years of quiescence, PEDV was detected in Hungary in 2016 with a recombination in its S gene. In order to determine the extent of this change, an attempt was made to isolate the recombinant PEDV. This study was extended with a variety of samples collected from three separate farms with newly identified PEDV in 2018. The recombinant PEDV from 2016 was isolated successfully along with three viruses from 2018, and one isolate from the new cases was used for whole genome determination. Whole genome sequence alignment revealed the highest identity with recombinant Hungarian and Slovenian PEDV within the low-pathogenic European viruses. This suggests that these recombinant PEDV are circulating in this area and may spread to other parts of the continent.

Enteric viral diseases of swine are one of the most frequent disorders causing huge economic losses in pork production. After the reappearance of an emerging enteropathogen, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in Hungary in 2016, an extensive survey was initiated in an attempt to identify diarrhoea-related porcine viruses, including adeno-, astro-, boca-, calici-, circo-, corona-, kobu-, rota-and Torque teno viruses. A total of 384 faecal samples collected during a twoyear period from diarrhoeic and asymptomatic pigs of various ages in 17 farms were screened by conventional and real-time PCR methods. Half of the samples contained at least one examined virus with the dominance of kobuvirus (55.1%) followed by bocaviruses (33.2%) and rotavirus groups A and C together (20.9%), while coronaviruses including PEDV were not found in this set of samples. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the frequency of single infections compared to mixed ones with the exception of weaned pigs, in which group additionally most viruses were detected. The results of this study suggest that the complexity of this disease may vary with age, which makes the prevention of diarrhoea a challenge, especially in weaned pigs.

Cupriavidus sp. are model organisms for heavy metal(loid) resistance and aromatic compound's degradation studies and these characteristics make them a perfect candidate for biotechnological purposes. Bacterial strain S14E4C (identified as Cupriavidus campinensis) was isolated from a playground by enrichment method in a 0.25 mM containing medium. The analysis revealed that this bacterium is able to tolerate high concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s: Cd up to 19.5 mM, Pb to 9 mM, Hg to 5.5 mM and As to 2 mM in heavy metal(loid) salt containing nutrient medium. The whole genome data and analysis of the type strain of C. campinensis CCUG:44526 T have not been available so far, thus here we present the genome sequencing results of strain S14E4C of the same species. Analysis was carried out to identify possible mechanisms for the heavy metal resistance and to map the genetic data of C. campinensis. The annotation pipelines revealed that the total genome of strain S14E4C is 6,375,175 bp length with a GC content of 66.3% and contains 2 plasmids with 295,460 bp (GC content 59.9%) and 50,483 bp (GC content 63%). In total 4460 coding sequences were assigned to known functions and 1508 to hypothetical proteins. Analysis proved that strain S14E4C is having gene clusters such as czc, mer, cus, chr, ars to encode various heavy metal resistance mechanisms that play an important role to survive in extreme environments.

In the present study, the prokaryotic community structure of the water of Lake Balaton was investigated at the littoral region of three different points (Tihany, Balatonmáriafürdő and Keszthely) by cultivation independent methods [next-generation sequencing (NGS), specific PCRs and microscopy cell counting] to check the hidden microbial diversity of the lake. The taxon-specific PCRs did not show pathogenic bacteria but at Keszthely and Máriafürdő sites extended spectrum betalactamase-producing microorganisms could be detected. The bacterial as well as archaeal diversity of the water was high even when many taxa are still uncultivable. Based on NGS, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, while the most frequent Archaea belonged to Woesearchaeia (Nanoarchaeota). The ratio of the detected taxa differed among the samples. Three different types of phototrophic groups appeared: Cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophic organisms), Chloroflexi (anaerobic, organotrophic bacteria) and the aerobic, anoxic photoheterotrophic group (AAPs). Members of Firmicutes appeared only with low abundance, and Enterobacteriales (order within Proteobacteria) were present also only in low numbers in all samples.

In the present study 12 water samples of five sampling sites (Tatabánya, Dandár, Szentendre, Szent Flórián and Ciprián groundwaters) known as nutrient-depleted aquatic environments were studied using amplicon sequencing (NGS) and cultivation techniques. Diversity indices and cell counts were determined to assess the species richness in relation to the cell counts within the samples, and the oligocarbophile growth capability of the isolated bacteria was tested in microtiter plates. Altogether, 55 bacterial phyla were identified from the samples by amplicon sequencing. The microbial communities of the different sampling times of the same sites did not differ significantly. Patescibacteria and Proteobacteria were present in all samples. Ciprián sample was dominated by Bacteroidetes, while in Dandár sample a high ratio of Chloroflexi was detected. Rokubacteria and WOR-1 dominated Szent Flórián sample and Tatabánya had a high number of Epsilonbacteraeota. Nine archaeal phyla were also detected; the samples were characterized by the presence of unclassified archaea and Nanoarchaeota, among them Woesearchaeia, as the most dominant. Crenarchaeota and Altiarchaeota were detected in high ratios in Dandár water samples. Among Thaumarchaeota the family Nitrosopumilaceae, and orders of Nitrosotaleales and Nitrososphaerales appeared in Szent Flórián and Tatabánya samples. Key organisms of the different biogeochemical cycles were discovered in these nutrient-depleted environments: methanogenic archaea, methanotrophic bacteria, ammonia oxidizer, nitrate reducers, diazotrophs, sulfate reducers, and sulfur oxidizer. Diversity indices and cell counts of the samples show negative correlation in case of bacteria and positive in case of archaea in Ciprián sample. The high diversity indices in Szentendre samples are connected to low cell counts, most probably due to the vulnerability of the groundwaters to the external environment factors which lead to the infiltration of soil microbes and contaminants to the water. The isolated bacteria were affiliated into four phyla, most of them belonging to Proteobacteria (59%) followed by Actinobacteria (21%), Firmicutes (17%) and Verrucomicrobia (1%). The members of the facultative chemolithotrophic genera of Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis were characterizing only Szentendre, Szent Flórián and Tatabánya samples. Only 10% of the isolated species showed an obligate oligocarbophile character. From the samples, a high number of novel bacterial taxa were cultivated. As a conclusion, our results confirmed the predominance of unclassified and unknown taxa in subsurface water, pointing to the importance and necessity of further studies to characterize these microbial populations.

The Moroccan coast is characterized by a diversity of climate, reflecting a great richness and diversity of fauna and flora. By this, marine microbiota plays a fundamental role in many biogeochemical processes, environmental modifications, and responses to temperature changes. To date, no exploration by high-throughput techniques has been carried out on the characterization of the Moroccan marine microbiota. The objective of this work is to study the diversity and metabolic functions of MMM from the Moroccan coast (Atlantic and Mediterranean) according to the water source (WS) and the type of climate (CT) using the approach high-throughput sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene. Four water samples of twelve sampling sites from the four major climates along the Moroccan coastline were collected, and prokaryotic DNA was extracted. V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified, and the product PCR was sequenced by Illumina Miseq. The β-diversity and α-diversity indices were determined to assess the species richness and evenness. The obtained results were analyzed by Mothur and R software. A total of twenty-eight Bacterial phyla and twelve Archaea were identified from the samples. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria are the three key bacterial phyla, and the Archaeal phyla identified are: Euryarchaeota, Nanoarchaeaeota, Crenarchaeota, Hydrothermarchaeota, Asgardaeota, Diapherotrites, and Thaumarchaeota in the Moroccan coastline and the four climates studied. The whole phylum are involved in marine biogeochemical cycles, and through their functions they participate in the homeostasis of the ocean in the presence of pollutants or stressful biotic and abiotic factors. In conclusion, the obtained results reported sufficient deepness of sequencing to cover the majority of Archaeal and Bacterial genera in each site. We noticed a strong difference in microbiota diversity, abundance, and taxonomy inter- and intra-climates and water source without significant differences in function. To better explore this diversity, other omic approaches can be applied such as the metagenomic shotgun, and transcriptomic approaches allowing a better characterization of the Moroccan marine microbiota and to understand the mechanisms of its adaptation and its impacts in/on the ecosystem.

In Hungary, which is famous for its thermal baths, according to the regulations, waters are investigated in hygienic aspects with standard cultivation methods. In the present study, two thermal baths were investigated (the well and three different pool waters in both) using cultivation methods, taxon-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), multiplex PCRs and next-generation amplicon sequencing. Mainly members of the natural microbial community of the well waters and bacteria originating from the environment were detected but several opportunistic pathogenic taxa, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, Acinetobacter johnsoni, Acinetobacter baumanni, Moraxella osloensis, Microbacterium paraoxydans, Legionella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus were revealed by the applied methods. Pools with charging-unloading operation had higher microscopic cell counts, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, number of cocci, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus compared to the recirculation systems. Bacteria originating from human sources (e.g., skin) were identified in the pool waters with less than 1% relative abundance, and their presence was sporadic in the pools. Comparing the microbiological quality of the pools based on the first sampling time and the following four months' period it was revealed that recirculation operation type has better water quality than the charging-unloading pool operation from a hygienic point of view.

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