a b s t r a c tThe work presents a comparative study of the effects of divalent (Pb), trivalent (La) and tetravalent (Ti) substituents on the multiferroic properties of BiFeO 3 (BFO). Both A and B-sites were substituted to obtain the compositions i.e. (Bi 1ÀxÀy La x Pb y )(Fe 1Àz Ti z )O 3 (x, y = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and z = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15). Each of the substituent was particularly chosen i.e. Pb was chosen to keep the lone pair character which is the similar case as Bi ion. Additionally isovalent La was chosen to achieve single phase by reducing Bi volatization. Both these ions, on substitution, stabilized the crystal structure and suppressed the formation of extra phases which are unavoidable in pure BFO. All the Ti substituted and Bi 0.8 La 0.2 FeO 3 compositions exhibited rhombohedral perovskite (R3c) phase, while Bi 0.8 Pb 0.2 FeO 3 and Bi 0.8 La 0.1 Pb 0.1 FeO 3 exhibited cubic phase. Mössbauer measurements revealed that impurity phase in case of compositions with divalent and trivalent substituents, disappeared completely when Ti substituted Fe. For all the compositions Fe ions were found in +3 state. High temperature dielectric properties showed that all the compositions were ferroelectric with paraelectric transition lying well above the room temperature. Weak ferromagnetism was found in Ti substituted compositions where coercivity was found to increase as the Ti concentration increases. All the BFO samples substituted with Pb, exhibited a dielectric anomaly in the temperature range, 100°C 6 T 6 250°C. A systematic reduction in the intensity of the dielectric anomaly peak was observed as a function of Ti concentration which indicates that the anomaly is related to the conductivity and is element specific. However, Mössbauer data revealed absence of Fe 2+ state, which ensured that it was not related with the presence of Fe 2+ ions. Saturation polarization was found to increase as Ti concentration increased from 0% to 10%.
Objective: To assess the compliance of tracheal suctioning practices against the standard guidelines of a tertiary care hospital, with regard to the participants' professional characteristics. Methods:Using cross sectional study design, forty health care professionals (HCPs) were assessed twice, using a quantitative structured observational design, for tracheal suctioning practices, in one of the surgical care units of the tertiary care hospital. Tracheal suctioning policy which was used as a tool, its inter-rater reliability was tested and each step showed the Kappa value of 0.65 to 1.000. Data was analyzed using epidata info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 19.Results: From a total of 80 observations, 30% showed compliance, 50% partial compliance whereas, 20% indicated non-compliance. Conclusion:The study results highlight the need for improving the overall compliance with the tracheal suctioning guidelines of evidence based practices to minimize the adverse effects and enhance patient safety related to tracheal suctioning practices. The current study also provides an opportunity to motivate the HCPs compliant in the practices of tracheal suctioning by appreciate their competence.
Introduction: A bomb blast in a hospital results in a many fold increase in the casualties. The affected health care in the region is the next challenge faced by the administration of the city. We discuss the challenges faced after a bomb blast in the civil hospital of Quetta, Pakistan on 8 August 2016. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who were transferred by air to the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi over a period of 86 h after the blast in Quetta. Results: Seventy-five patients were received in three separate waves; those received in the first wave were sicker than the following waves. Errors in triage and communication which could have been prevented were identified. Conclusion: Security of hospitals needs to be improved to avoid such incidents in future. The teams involved in the management of these incidents should be trained about triage and communication and its importance. There is need for designated trauma centers to take care of these incidents.
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